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中国科学院大学学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (4): 567-576.DOI: 10.7523/j.ucas.2020.0048

• 简报 • 上一篇    

从植物遗存看古代新疆大麻的认识和利用

刘妍1,2, 顾漫3, 陈涛4, 王炳华5, 蒋洪恩2   

  1. 1. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室, 北京 100044;
    2. 中国科学院大学人文学院考古学与人类学系, 北京 100049;
    3. 中国中医科学院中国医史文献研究所, 北京 100700;
    4. 山西大学历史文化学院, 太原 030006;
    5. 新疆文物考古研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 收稿日期:2020-06-19 修回日期:2020-07-28 发布日期:2021-05-31
  • 通讯作者: 蒋洪恩
  • 基金资助:
    中央高校基本科研业务费专项(E0E48931X2)资助

The recognition and utilization of Cannabis sativa in ancient Xinjiang viewed from plant remains

LIU Yan1,2, GU Man3, CHEN Tao4, WANG Binghua5, JIANG Hong'en2   

  1. 1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China;
    2. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, School of Humanities, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
    3. Institute of Medical History and Literature, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
    4. School of History and Culture, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China;
    5. Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Urumqi 830011, China
  • Received:2020-06-19 Revised:2020-07-28 Published:2021-05-31

摘要: 新疆是连通丝绸之路东西方的重要区域,天然干燥少雨的优良环境使得植物遗存——大麻(Cannabis sativa)得以很好地保存。古代新疆地区大麻认识和利用的历史大致分为前后两个阶段:史前时期,得益于地理环境的先天优势,新疆最先受到中亚古代文明影响,大麻多被用作精神活性药物;历史时期,丝绸之路的开通促使西域与内地的交流往来,大麻的食用及纤维价值逐渐被广泛接受。故而古代新疆先民对大麻的利用大致经历了从精神活性物到粮食作物、纤维作物,乃至药用植物的转变。综述新疆地区大麻研究成果,总结不同时期大麻利用方式与差异及其产生的原因,同时通过植物学分类鉴定及年代测定等方法对新疆吐鲁番地区出土的大麻遗存进行再研究,梳理传世文献与出土文书,探讨大麻药用价值的利用情况,为深入认识唐代汉方医学的传播提供新的线索。

关键词: 大麻, 精神活性物质, 丝绸之路, 出土文书, 药用价值

Abstract: Xinjiang is an important area connecting the east and west alongside the Silk Road. As a result of its dry weather and less rainfall, plant remains were well preserved, including hemp (Cannabis sativa). The history of Cannabis recognition and utilization in ancient Xinjiang could be roughly divided into two stages. Due to inherent advantages of the geographical environment, Xinjiang was firstly affected by the ancient civilization of Central Asia in the prehistoric period, mainly retaining the hallucinogenic tradition of Cannabis. During the historical period, the beginning of the Silk Road promoted exchanges between the Western Regions and the interior areas. The edible and fiber values of Cannabis were gradually accepted. Therefore, in terms of Cannabis usage, ancestors generally had a transformation from psychoactive agents to food crops, fiber crops, and even medicinal plants. In this study, we reviewed the Cannabis researches in Xinjiang during the past years, summarizing the ways and differences of Cannabis utilization, especially their causes in different periods. Meanwhile, we restudiedCannabis remains in Turpan with plant identification and radiocarbon dating, comprehensively sorting out the handed-down and unearthed documents, to explore not only the utilization of Cannabis medicinal value, but also to provide new clues for the spread of Chinese medicine in ancient Xinjiang.

Key words: Cannabis sativa, psychoactive agents, the Silk Road, unearthed documents, medicinal value

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