黄精族4属6种的核型报道

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文报道四川、陕西、河北的百合科黄精族4属6种的染色体数目和核型。Disporum megalant-

hum 2n=16=2m(1SAT)+6sm(1SAT)十8st(3SAT)and 2n＝16=2m(1SAT)+8sm(3SAT)+6st，

3B型；Disporopsis pernyi 2n＝40=23m(2SAT)+15sm(2SAT)十2st+2t(2SAT), 2B型；Disporo-

psis aspera 2n=40=30m十8sm(2SAT)+2t(2SAT)，2B型；Maianthemum bifolium 2n=36＝

20m＝10sm十4st十2t(2SAT)，2B型；Palygonatum odoratum 2n=20=10m+10sm(3SAT)，2B

和2n＝20＝12m(4SAT)+8sm(2SAT)， 2B型；Polygonatum humile 20=20+10m(2SAT)十

6sm(2SAT)+4t，2B型。从染色体角度，并联系形态特征，对Disporum属中分别见于东亚和北美

的两个类群的关系作了讨论。也讨论了Disporopsis种间在核型不对称趋势与形态特化之间可能的关

系。本文还指出Polygonatum odoratum和Polygonatum humile种内核型的多变性。

关键词: 百合科, 黄精族, 万寿竹属, 竹根七属, 舞鹤草属, 黄精属, 核型, 细胞分类学

Abstract:

Cytotaxonomically investigated in this work were 6 species in 4 genera of

Polygonateae (sensu Krause, 1930). Each species was karyotypically analysed using 5 so-

matic metaphase cells with well-spread chromosomes. The chromosome classification follows

Levan et al. (1964) and the karyotype classification is according to Stebbins (1971). The ma-

terials used are listed in the Appendix and the vouchers are deposited in PE. The chromosome

numbers and karyotypes of Disporum megalanthum and Disporopsis aspera are reported here

for the first time, and those of Chinese Maianthemum bifolium are also reported for the first

time. The results are shown as follows.

(1) Disporum Salisb. D. megalanthum Wang et Tang from tthe Wolong

Nature Reserve, Sichuan, is found to have a karyotype 2n=16=2m(1SAT)+6sm(1SAT)+8st

(3SAT) (Plate I, A). The parameters of chromosomes are listed in Table 1 and the idiogram

is shown in Fig. 1, A. The chromosomes range in length from 8.5 to 29.3 μm, with the ratio

of the longest to the shortest 3.45. The karyotype belongs to Stebbins' (1971) 3B. In a somatic

chromosome complement the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 7th pairs each have one chromosome carrying

a satellite, showing heterozygosity.

Another material from the Qinling Range, Shaanxi, is shown to have 2n=16=2m(1SAT)

+8sm(3SAT)+6st (Plate 1, B). The parameters of chromosomes are listed in Table 1 and

the idiogram is presented in Fig. 1, B. The chromosomes range in length from 6.3 to

22.6μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.61, and thus the karyotype belongs to

3B. The karyotype shows clear heterozygosity (Fig. 1, B). The two chromosomes of the first

pair have arm ratios 2.38 and 1.82 respectively, but they are equal in length, 22.6 μm. It seems

to us that a pericentric inversion has taken place in one of the two chromosomes. Moreover,

the 3rd and 4th pairs each have one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm.

These two materials are of the basically same karyotype, the major difference between

them being that the 3rd pair in the former consists of two st chromosomes with the arm ratio

3.15, while the corresponding pair in the other is of two m chromosomes with an arm ratio

1.67.

Seven East-Asian species of the genus Disporum are reported to have 2n=14, 16 and 18

(or 16+2B?), but 2n=16 is common to all the species, and therefore the basic number of the

group is x=8. For the North American group of the genus, however, 3 species (D. hookeri,

D. lanuginosum, D. oreganum) are of 2n=18, D. smithii is of 2n=16, and D. maculatum

2n=12. Chromosome numbers are more variable in the North American group, but x=9 seems

to be a dominant basic number. Even more striking difference in karyotype between the

two groups exists in size of chromosomes, 2.0-4.9μm.for the North American group, while 4.0-

16.0 μm for the East-Asian counterpart (Therman, 1956) (Our result shows 6.3-22.6 μm and

8.5-29.3 μm for the two materials). This remarkable contrast in karyotype is clearly correlat-

ed with the differentiation in gross morphology. The East-Asian species have calcarate tepals

but no reticulate veins of leaves, whereas the North American ones have reticulate veins but

spurless tepals. The evidence from karyotype and morphology seems to justify the restoration

of the genus Prosartes for the Nortth American species (Conover, 1983, cf. Dahlgren et al.

1985).

(2) Disporopsis Hance D. pernyi (Hua) Diels from Mapien, Sichuan, is of

2n = 40 = 23m(2SAT)+13sm(2SAT) + 2st+ 2t(2SAT) (Plate 1, C). The parame-

ters of chromosomes are listed in Table 2, and the idiogram is shown in Fig. 2, A.

The chromosomes range in length 5.2-16.2μm, with the ratio of the longest to the

shortest 3.11, and thus the karyotype belongs to 2B.

D. aspera (Hua) Engl. ex Krause also from Mapien, Sichuan, is found to have

2n=40=30m+8sm(2SAT)+2t(2SAT) (Plate 1,D). The parameters of chromosomes are listed

in Table 2, and the idiogram is shown in Fig. 2, B. The chromosomes range in length 5.2-

14.7 μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.84. Therefore, the karyotype belongs to

2B. Another material from the same locality but different population was also examined and

found to have 2n=40=30m+6sm+2st(2SAT) (Fig. 2, C).

D. arisanensis (=D. pernyi) from Taiwan is reported to have 2n=40=26m+12sm+2st

(Chang and Hsu, 1974), D. fusco-picta from the Philippines 2n=40=22m+16sm+2st(2SAT)

(Kumar and Brandham, 1974), and D. longifolia from Thailand 2n=40 (Larsen, 1963). Thus,

the species in the genus, except the newly described D. jingfushanensis Z. Y. Liu (1987) with

no chromosome data, are all of 2n = 40, and the basic number of the genus is x = 20. From

the karyotype formulae, asymmetry of the karyotypes increases from D. aspera to D. fusco-picta

through D. pernyi, which may be correlated with the increasing specialization of gross morpho-

logy.

(3) Maianthemum Web. M. bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt from the Qinling

Range, Shaanxi, is found to have 2n = 36 = 20m + 10sm + 4st + 2t (2SAT) (Plate

1, H). The parameters of the chromosomes are listed in Table 3, and the idiogram

is shown in Fig. 3, D. The chromosome lengths range 2.4-8.2μm, with the ratio

of the longest to the shortest 3.43. The karyotype thus belongs to 2B, and is sligh-

tly bimodal: the first 10 pairs and the pair of sat chromosomes are larger than the

rest 7 pairs, the ratio of the shortest in the former group to the longest in the latter

group being 1.24.

(4) Polygonatum Mill. P. humile Fisch. ex Maxim. from Chicheng County,

Hebei, is shown to have a karyotype 2n= 20= 10m(2SAT)+6sm(2SAT)+ 4st

(Plate 1, G). The parameters of chromosomes are listed in Table 4, and the hap-

loid idiogram is shown in Fig. 3, C. The chromosome lengths range from 3.0 to

10.0μm with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.3. The karyotype therefore

belongs to 2B.

P. odoratum (Mill.) Druce Two materials in this species were examined. One from

Chicheng County, Hebei, has 2n=20=10m+10sm(3SAT) (Plate 1, E). The parameters of

chromosomes are presented in Table 4 and the somatic idiogram in Fig. 3, A. The chromoso-

mes range in length 3.1-8.8 μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.8. The karyo-

type is thus of 2B. The other from the Qinling Range, Shaanxi, is found to have 2n=20=

12m(4SAT)+8sm(2SAT) (Plate 1, F). The parameters of chromosomes are listed in Table

4, and the haploid idiogram is shown in Fig. 3, B. The chromosomes range in length 4.2-

10.9 μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.6. The karyotype is also of 2B.

P. odoratum is widely distributed in Eurasian temperate region and its cytological reports

are frequently seen. All the materials outside of China, from Portugal to Japan, are reported

to have 2n=20, except one material from east Sayan in SE Siberia, which is reported to have

2n=30 (Krogulevich, 1978). In China, however, three chromosome numbers have so far been

reported under the name P. odoratum, 2n=20 from the Changbai Mountains, Jilin Province

(Fang, 1989), Qinlong County, Hebei Province (Wang et al. 1987), the Jinfo Mountains, Si-

chuan Province (in cultivation), besides the two materials used in this work; 2n=22 from Mt.

Jinshan in Beijing (Li, 1980), Wuhan in Hubei Province, Yixin in Jiangsu Province and Mt.

Emei in Sichuan Province (Fang, 1989); 2n=18 from Yixin in Jiangsu Province and the Dabien

Mountains in Anhui Province (Fang, 1989). It is, therefore, rather evident that the species

under discussion is variable in chromosome number only in the southern part of its distribution

area. Karyotypical morphology is also variable in this species. The 2n=20 group is found to

have following karyotypes: 12m(4SAT)+8sm (in Austria, Hong et al. unpubl.), 14m+6sm

(Jilin): 12m+8sm (Qinlong, Hebei): 10m+10sm (3SAT) (Chicheng, Hebei): 12m(4SAT)+

8sm(2SAT) (Shaanxi) and 10m+6sm+4st(Mt. Jinfo, Sichuan). For the 2n=18 group, 10m+

8sm (Anhui) and 8m+10sm (Jiangsu) have been found. In the 2n=22 group these karyotype

formulae so far reported are all 10m+8sm+4st. Comparing the karyotypes in the three groups

we find that 4st chromosomes are always present in the 2n=22 group, while in the other two

groups, except the karyotype 10m+6sm+4st found from the Jinfo Mountains in Sichuan, all

the karyotypes consist of m and sm chromosomes.

Based on the correlation between karyotypical data and cryptic morphological differences

Wang et al. (1988) consider Polygonatum odoratum as a complex, which consists of three

species: Polygonatum odoratum (s. str. 2n=20), P. macropodium Turcz. (2n=22) and P. simi-

zui Kitag. (2n=18). But in this complex biosystematic problems, such as relationship between chromosome number and chromosome structure, evolutionary relationship of the different chromosome numbers, relationship between means of reproduction (extent of vegetative propagation) and karyotype variation are still unresolved and deserve further studies.

洪德元, 朱相云. 黄精族4属6种的核型报道[J]. 中国科学院大学学报.

Hong De-Yuan, Zhu Xiang-Yun. Report on Karyotypes of 6 Species in 4 Genera of Polygonateae from China[J]. .

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黄精族4属6种的核型报道

Report on Karyotypes of 6 Species in 4 Genera of Polygonateae from China

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