城市河岸带的斑块组成和空间分布对小气候的影响——以北京永定河河岸带为例

doi:10.7523/j.issn.2095-6134.2020.05.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探讨河岸带斑块组成与空间分布对小气候的影响，以修复后的北京永定河门城湖—莲石湖段河岸带为研究区，于2017年8月，选择晴朗天气，分别在早晨、中午和傍晚实测每个植被斑块的地温（LST）、气温（TP）和相对湿度（RH），获取斑块指数。运用冗余度分析和逐步回归分析，探讨影响植被斑块小气候的因素。结果表明：与道路相比，植被可显著降低斑块内部的LST和TP，增大RH；但不同类型植被斑块之间的差异并不显著。夏季白天不同时刻植被斑块的LST、TP和RH均会受到斑块及其邻近斑块特征的共同影响，但不同类型斑块小气候所受影响不尽相同。中午时，草本植物高度增加0.1 m，LST降低5.11%；灌木覆盖度增加10%，TP降低2.50%，RH增加10.82%；邻域乔木面积增加10%，草阔和草本植物斑块LST分别降低8.26%和44.98%；邻域道路面积增加10%，草阔斑块LST最大增加6.00%；距河距离减少10 m，草本植物和灌木斑块RH最大分别增加9.32%和2.01%。不同斑块指数之间的交互或加和作用对小气候的影响通常比单个指数更显著。

关键词: 城市河岸带, 地表温度, 气温, 相对湿度, 斑块组成, 空间分布, 邻近斑块

Abstract: We discuss the effects of composition and spatial distribution of patches on microclimate in the riparian zone from Mencheng Lake to Lianshi Lake along Yongding River in Beijing. In August 2017, we measured the three microclimate indexes, land surface temperature (LST), air temperature (TP), and relative humidity (RH), within each vegetation patch in the morning, at noon, and at dusk, respectively, on the same sunny days.Redundancy analysis and stepwise regression analysis are used to determine the main factors affecting the three microclimate indexes for different vegetation patch types and how they affect. The results show that, compared with roads, plants significantly reduce LST and TP and increase RH within the vegetation patches. However, the differences among the three vegetation patch types are not significant. LST, TP, and RH at the three times are affected by the characteristics of both vegetation patches themselves and their adjacent patches. However, these relationships at the same time are not always the same for different vegetation patch types. At noon, as the height of herb increases by 0.1 m, LST within herb patches reduces by 5.11%. As the shrub coverage increases by 10%, TP within shrub patches reduces by 2.50% and RH increases by 10.82%. As the adjacent tree coverage increases by 10%, LST within the mixed herb and broad-leaved patches and the herb patches reduces by 8.26% and 44.98%, respectively. As the adjacent road area increases by 10%, LST within the mixed herb and broad-leaved patches increases by up to 6.00%. As the distance from the river decreases by 10 m, RH within herb patches and shrub patches increases by up to 9.32% and 2.01%, respectively. In general, the index interactions or additions among different patches have more significant influence on microclimate than single patch index. The results provide useful information for ecological restoration of riparian zone and landscape design and planning.

Key words: urban riparian zone, land surface temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, patch composition, spatial distribution, adjacent patch

中图分类号:

TU986

王昕, 张娜, 乐荣武, 郑潇柔. 城市河岸带的斑块组成和空间分布对小气候的影响——以北京永定河河岸带为例[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2020, 37(5): 606-618.

WANG Xin, ZHANG Na, YUE Rongwu, ZHENG Xiaorou. Effects of composition and spatial distribution of patches on microclimate in the urban riparian zone：a case study of riparian zone along Yongding River in Beijing[J]. , 2020, 37(5): 606-618.

参考文献

[1] Analitis A, Michelozzi P, D'Ippoliti D, et al. Effects of heat waves on mortality:effect modification and confounding by air pollutants.[J]. Epidemiology, 2014, 25(1):15-22.
[2] Tan J, Zheng Y, Song G, et al. Heat wave impacts on mortality in Shanghai, 1998 and 2003[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2007, 51(3):193-200.
[3] Yang J, Yin P, Sun J, et al. Heatwave and mortality in 31 major Chinese cities:definition, vulnerability and implications[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2019, 649:695-702.
[4] Robine J M, Cheung S L K, Le Roy S, et al. Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003[J]. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2008, 331(2):171-178.
[5] Kong F, Yan W, Zheng G, et al. Retrieval of three-dimensional tree canopy and shade using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data to analyze the cooling effect of vegetation[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2016, 217:22-34.
[6] Bowler D E, Buyung-Ali L, Knight T M, et al. Urban greening to cool towns and cities:a systematic review of the empirical evidence[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2010, 97(3):147-155.
[7] Wang Z H, Zhao X, Yang J, et al. Cooling and energy saving potentials of shade trees and urban lawns in a desert city[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 161:437-444.
[8] Zhao Q, Sailor D J, Wentz E A. Impact of tree locations and arrangements on outdoor microclimates and human thermal comfort in an urban residential environment[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2018, 32:81-91.
[9] Zhao Q, Myint S, Wentz E, et al. Rooftop surface temperature analysis in an urban residential environment[J]. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7(9):12135-12159.
[10] Wang Y, Ni Z, Peng Y, et al. Local variation of outdoor thermal comfort in different urban green spaces in Guangzhou, a subtropical city in South China[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2018, 32:99-112.
[11] Lowrance R, Altier L S, Newbold J D, et al. Water quality functions of riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds[J]. Environmental Management, 1997, 21(5):687-712.
[12] 李婉, 张娜, 吴芳芳. 北京转河河岸带生态修复对河流水质的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2011, 32(1):80-87.
[13] Ca V T, Asaeda T, Abu E M, et al. Reductions in air conditioning energy caused by a nearby park[J]. Energy & Buildings, 1998, 29(1):83-92.
[14] 徐心馨, 李小娟, 孟丹. 北京市不同下垫面类型对热岛效应及人体舒适度的影响[J]. 首都师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 34(3):47-52.
[15] 张春玲, 余华, 宫鹏, 等. 武汉市地表亮温与植被覆盖关系定量分析[J]. 地理科学, 2009, 29(5):740-744.
[16] Olson D H, Anderson P D, Frissell C A, et al. Biodiversity management approaches for stream-riparian areas:perspectives for Pacific Northwest headwater forests, microclimates, and amphibians[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, 246(1):81-107.
[17] Rambo T R, North M P. Spatial and temporal variability of canopy microclimate in a Sierra Nevada riparian forest[J]. Northwest Science, 2008, 82(4):259-269.
[18] 陈吉泉. 河岸植被特征及其在生态系统和景观中的作用[J]. 应用生态学报, 1996, 7(4):439-448.
[19] 李留振, 郑俊霞, 毕丽华,等. 黄河故道滩地不同植被的湿度效应分析[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2010(4):390-392.
[20] 刘学全, 唐万鹏, 周志翔, 等. 宜昌市城区不同绿地类型环境效应[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 2004, 32(5):53-54.
[21] 晏海. 城市公园绿地小气候环境效应及其影响因子研究[D]. 北京:北京林业大学, 2014.
[22] 朱春阳, 李树华, 纪鹏. 城市带状绿地结构类型与温湿效应的关系[J]. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22(5):1255-1260.
[23] Buyadi S N A, Mohd W M N W, Misni A. Green spaces growth impact on the urban microclimate[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013, 105:547-557.
[24] Hamada S, Ohta T. Seasonal variations in the cooling effect of urban green areas on surrounding urban areas[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2010, 9(1):15-24.
[25] Li J, Song C, Cao L, et al. Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands:a case study of Shanghai, China[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2011, 115(12):3249-3263.
[26] Skelhorn C, Lindley S, Levermore G. The impact of vegetation types on air and surface temperatures in a temperate city:a fine scale assessment in Manchester, UK[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014, 121:129-140.
[27] 刘娇妹, 李树华, 杨志峰. 北京公园绿地夏季温湿效应[J]. 生态学杂志, 2008, 27(11):1972-1978.
[28] Jaganmohan M, Knapp S, Buchmann C M, et al. The bigger, the better? The influence of urban green space design on cooling effects for residential areas[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2016, 45(1):134-145.
[29] Shashua-Bar L, Hoffman M E. Quantitative evaluation of passive cooling of the UCL microclimate in hot regions in summer, case study:urban streets and courtyards with trees[J]. Building and Environment, 2004, 39(9):1087-1099.
[30] 武小钢, 蔺银鼎, 闫海冰, 等. 城市绿地降温增湿效应与其结构特征相关性研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2008, 16(6):1469-1473.
[31] 李海峰. 多源遥感数据支持的中等城市热环境研究[D]. 成都:成都理工大学, 2012.
[32] 王红娟. 石家庄市绿地秋季温湿效应研究[D]. 石家庄:河北师范大学, 2014.
[33] 曹丹, 周立晨, 毛义伟, 等. 上海城市公共开放空间夏季小气候及舒适度[J]. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19(8):1797-1802.
[34] Alexandri E, Jones P. Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates[J]. Building and Environment, 2008, 43(4):480-493.
[35] Sugawara H. Cool island intensity in a large urban green:seasonal variation and relationship to atmospheric condition[J]. Meteorological Society of Japan, 2006, 53(5):393-404.
[36] 杜万光, 王成, 包红光,等. 夏季典型天气下公园绿地小气候环境及对人体舒适度的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2017, 33(4):349-356.
[37] 朱文星, 邓卓智. 简述永定河城市段的生态修复[J]. 水利科技与经济, 2012, 18(2):19-21.
[38] 王紫琦, 张娜, 孙威,等. 北京永定河河岸带生态修复对河流水质的影响[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2015, 32(4):498-505.
[39] 梁淑娟, 樊华, 王利军,等. 永定河生态护岸模式的适宜性观测研究[J]. 水土保持研究, 2012, 19(4):153-158.
[40] 郑潇柔, 张娜. 城市河岸带夏季土壤表层温度的多时间尺度特征及其影响因素[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2016, 33(6):758-768.
[41] 郑潇柔. 城市河岸带的美学服务和休闲服务[D]. 北京:中国科学院大学, 2016.
[42] 陈灵芝, 任继凯, 鲍显诚,等. 北京西山(卧佛寺附近)人工油松林群落学特性及生物量的研究[J]. 植物生态学报, 1984, 8(3):173-181.
[43] 罗天祥. 中国主要森林类型生物生产力格局及其数学模型[D]. 北京:中国科学院自然资源综合考察委员会, 1996.
[44] Popkin G. The forest question[J]. Nature, 2019, 565(7739):280-282.
[45] Tan C L, Wong N H, Tan P Y, et al. Impact of plant evapotranspiration rate and shrub albedo on temperature reduction in the tropical outdoor environment[J]. Building and Environment, 2015, 94:206-217.
[46] 曾辉,陈利顶,丁圣彦. 景观生态学[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2017.
[47] Lindberg F, Grimmond C S B. The influence of vegetation and building morphology on shadow patterns and mean radiant temperatures in urban areas:model development and evaluation[J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2011, 105(3/4):311-323.
[48] Zhang B, Gao J, Yang Y. The cooling effect of urban green spaces as a contribution to energy-saving and emission-reduction:a case study in Beijing, China[J]. Building and Environment, 2014, 76:37-43.