欢迎访问中国科学院大学学报，今天是
RSS English

中国科学院大学学报 >

2017 , Vol. 34 >Issue 3: 304 - 317

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7523/j.issn.2095-6134.2017.03.005

环境科学与地理学

机动车燃油质量及尾气排放与北京市大气污染的相关性

  • 杨昆昊 ,
  • 夏赞宇 ,
  • 何芃 ,
  • 吴丽 ,
  • 龚玲玲 ,
  • 钱越英 ,
  • 侯琰霖 ,
  • 何裕建
展开
  • 1. 中国科学院大学化学与化工学院, 北京 101408;
    2. 同济大学化学系, 上海 200092;
    3. 中国科学院理化技术研究所, 北京 100190

收稿日期: 2016-05-31

  修回日期: 2016-12-01

  网络出版日期: 2017-05-15

基金资助

国家自然科学基金（21272263）、中国科学院大学生创新实践训练计划（118900EA12）和中国科学院化学研究所分子科学科教融合创新（Y52902HED2）资助

收起

Correlation of fuel quality and emissions of motor vehicle with atmospheric pollution in Beijing

  • YANG Kunhao ,
  • XIA Zanyu ,
  • HE Peng ,
  • WU Li ,
  • GONG Lingling ,
  • QIAN Yueying ,
  • HOU Yanlin ,
  • HE Yujian
Expand
  • 1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China;
    2. Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092,China;
    3. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Received date: 2016-05-31

  Revised date: 2016-12-01

  Online published: 2017-05-15

Fold

摘要

采用GC-MS等仪器分析手段对北京市各主要品牌的燃油进行质量分析，并建立以静稳天气下单位体积中的污染物日均变化为相对参照标准计算各污染物贡献率的新思路。首先研究机动车尾气各主要污染物（CO、HC、NO2和SO2）在单位体积的日均排放量，然后分别统计北京市两年（2013年11月-2015年10月）大气中各对应污染物实测的单位体积的日均变化量，再分别计算出汽车尾气对大气各污染物的贡献率。结果如下。1）北京市燃油普遍存在重金属含量超标，硫含量超标，不饱和芳烃含量超标，氮含量偏高（无国标制约）等问题。2）在供暖季，北京市汽车尾气排放的CO、NO2和SO2分别占总CO、NO2和SO2排放的30.1%、72.4%和6.6%；在非供暖季，汽车尾气排放的CO、NO2和SO2分别占总CO、NO2和SO2排放的53.3%、74.3%和20.3%；北京市汽车HC排放全年平均分担率约为67.8%。研究结果表明，燃油是北京市大气污染的主要原因。最后为北京市大气污染的有效治理提出具体的建议和措施。

关键词： 大气污染; 燃油质量; 机动车尾气; PM2.5; 定量模拟

本文引用格式

杨昆昊 , 夏赞宇 , 何芃 , 吴丽 , 龚玲玲 , 钱越英 , 侯琰霖 , 何裕建 . 机动车燃油质量及尾气排放与北京市大气污染的相关性[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2017 , 34(3) : 304 -317 . DOI: 10.7523/j.issn.2095-6134.2017.03.005

Abstract

In order to clarify the real origin of the atmospheric pollution in Beijing， the correlation of fuel quality and emission of motor vehicle with atmospheric pollution in Beijing was studied in this work.The qualities of various major brands of fuel were analyzed by using the methods of instrumental analysis such as GC-MS. A new idea that the average daily change of the contaminant in unit volume is considered as reference standard in calculation of the contribution rates of various pollutants below the inversion layer in static stability weather is set up. Firstly， the average daily emissions of the main pollutants including CO，HC，NO2, and SO2 in unit volume were studied.Next the real measured daily variation of the pollutants in unit volume from November 2013 to October 2015 was studied.Then the contribution rates of the various pollutants by the vehicle exhausting to the respective atmospheric pollutants were calculated.The results are showed as follows. 1) The heavy metal contents， sulfur content, and aromatic hydrocarbon contents exceeded the limits. The nitrogen content was high, but there is no limit in international standard. 2) In heating season，the contribution rates of CO， NO2, and SO2 by the vehicle exhausting to the corresponding atmospheric pollutants were 30.1%， 72.4%, and 6.6%, respectively, and in no-heating season，the contribution rates were 53.3%，74.3%, and 20.3%, respectively. The annual average sharing percentage of the motor vehicle HC emission was about 67.8%. Based on the results of this study，fuel combustion is the major cause of air pollution in Beijing， and several specific advices and measures for effectively controlling the atmospheric pollution in Beijing are put forward.

Key words： atmospheric pollution; fuel quality; motor vehicle exhaust; PM2.5; quantitative simulation

参考文献

[1] Trenga C A, Sullivan J H, Schildcrout J S, et al. Effect of particulate air, pollution on lung function in adult and pediatric subjects in a Seattle panel study[J]. Chest Journal, 2006, 129(6): 1 614-1 622.
[2] Makkonen U, Hellén H, Anttila P, et al. Size distribution and chemical composition of airborne particles in south-eastern Finland during different seasons and wildfire episodes in 2006[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(3): 644-651.
[3] Kwon H J, Cho S H, Chun Y, et al. Effects of the Asian dust events on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea[J]. Environmental Research, 2002, 90(1): 1-5.
[4] Kazunari O, Yasunori K, Shinji O, et al. Atmospheric transport route determines components of Asian dust and health effects in japan[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 49: 94-102.
[5] Fann N, Risley D. The public health context for PM2.5 and ozone air quality trends[J]. Air Quality Atmosphere & Health, 2013, 6(1): 1-11.
[6] 田谧. 京津冀地区霾污染过程大气PM2.5及前体物变化特征研究[D]. 北京: 北京化工大学, 2013.
[7] Ji D S, Li L, Wang Y S, et al. The heaviest particulate air-pollution episodes occurred in northern China in January, 2013: Insights gained from observation[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 92: 546-556.
[8] Wang J, Hu Z M, Chen Y Y, et al. Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Shanghai, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 68: 221-229.
[9] Environmental Protection Agency. Federal register 61144(2006),National ambient air quality standards for particulate matter[S]. USA: Environmental Protection Agency, 2006.
[10] Environmental Protection Agency. Federal register 3086(2013), National ambient air quality standards for particulate matter[S]. USA: Environmental Protection Agency, 2013.
[11] 吴兑. 治理灰霾首先要淘汰黄标车[J]. 环境, 2012(2): 10-12.
[12] Shi J P, Evans D E, Khan A A, et al. Sources and concentration of nanoparticles (<10 nm diameter) in the urban atmosphere[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(7): 1 193-1 202.
[13] Tie X X, Braddeur G P, Zhao C S, et al. Chemical characterization of air pollution in Eastern China and the Eastern United States[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(14): 2 607-2 625.
[14] 朱光磊, 张远航, 曾立民, 等. 北京市大气细颗粒物PM2.5的来源研究[J]. 环境科学研究, 2006, 18(5): 1-5.
[15] Sun Y L, Zhuang G S, Tang A H, et al. Chemical Characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 in haze-fog episodes in Beijing[J]. Environment Science & Technology, 2006, 40(10): 3 148-3 155.
[16] Ji D S, Wang Y S, Wang L L, et al. Analysis of heavy pollution episodes in selected cities of northern China[J]. Atmospheric Environment， 2012, 50: 338-348.
[17] Xu W Y, Zhao C S, Ran L, et al. Characteristics of pollutants and their correlation to meteorological conditions at a suburban site in the North China Plain[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physical, 2011, 11(9): 4 353-4 369.
[18] Lin W L, Xu X B, Ge B, et al. Characteristics of gaseous pollutants at Gucheng, a rural site southwest of Beijing[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, 114(D2): 1 984-2 012.
[19] Sun Y L, Zhuang G S, Wang Y, et al. The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing concentration, composition, distribution and sources[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(35): 5 991-6 004.
[20] Zhang R J, Jing J, Tao J, et al. Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(14): 7 053-7 074.
[21] 葛鹏. PM2.5来源最新解析: 机动车污染占比最多[EB/OL]. (2014-04-26)[2015-11-01]. http://china.huanqiu.com/article/2014-04/4981368.html.
[22] 王跃思, 姚利, 刘子锐, 等. 京津冀大气霾污染及控制策略思考[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2013, 28(3): 353-363.
[23] 白春礼. 中国科学院大气灰霾研究进展及展望[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2014, 29(3): 275-281.
[24] Liu Q S, Xu X H. A study on hydrocarbon composition of gasoline and exhaustion pollution[J]. Petroleum Products Application Research, 2004, 5: 14-19.
[25] 樊守彬, 田灵娣, 张东旭, 等. 北京市机动车尾气排放因子研究[J]. 环境科学, 2015, 36(7): 2 374-2 380.
[26] Zhang S J, Wu Y, Wu X M, et al. Historic and future trends of vehicle emissions in Beijing, 1998-2020: a policy assessment for the most stringent vehicle emission control program in China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 89: 216-229.
[27] Wu Y, Wang R J, Zhou Y, et al. On-road vehicle emission control in Beijing: past, present, and future[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(1): 147-153.
[28] Huo H, Yao Z L, Zhang Y Z, et al. On-board measurements of emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in three mega-cities of China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 49: 371-377.
[29] 蔡皓, 谢绍东. 中国不同排放标准机动车排放因子的确定[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 46(3): 319-326.
[30] 中商情报网. 2014年北京民用机动车保有量达532.4万辆[EB/OL]. (2015-02-14)[2015-11-08]. http://www.askci.com/news/chanye/2015/02/14/93254tl7g.shtml.
[31] 金投网. 2014年北京全年淘汰老旧车47.6万辆[EB/OL]. (2015-01-04)[2015-11-23]. http://energy.cngold.org/c/2015-01-04/c2972529.html.
[32] 北京市环境保护局. DB 11/122-2010, 在用汽油车稳态加载污染物排放限值及测量方法[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2010.
[33] Zhang W C, Zhang Y, Lv Y, et al. Observation of atmospheric boundary layer height by ground-based LiDAR during haze days[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2013, 17(4): 981-992.
[34] 王耀庭, 李威, 张小玲, 等. 北京城区夏季静稳天气下大气边界层与大气污染的关系[J]. 环境科学研究, 2012, 25(10): 1 092-1 098.
[35] 王跃思, 王莉莉. 大气霾污染来源、影响与调控[J]. 科学与社会, 2014, 4(2): 9-18.
[36] 刘建国, 谢品华, 王跃思, 等. APEC前后京津冀区域灰霾观测及控制措施评估[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2015, 30(3): 368-377.
[37] 王跃思, 姚利, 王莉莉. 2013年元月我国中东部地区强霾污染成因分析[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2014, 44(1): 15-26.
[38] 王跃思, 姚利, 刘子锐. 京津冀大气霾污染及控制策略思考[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2013, 28(3): 253-263.
[39] 韩玉梅, 罗新正. 机动车尾气对烟台市大气环境的影响研究[J]. 烟台大学学报(自然科学与工程版), 2013, 26(1): 74-78.
[40] 陈晶, 李志成, 钟流举. 珠江三角洲机动车污染控制的情景分析[J]. 广东科技, 2008(13): 107-109.
[41] 韩志雄, 邢玉兰, 全宝玲, 等. 北京市机动车污染分担率的研究[J]. 环境科学, 1992, 13(3): 40-43.
[42] 卢云鹤, 孙龙林, 黄文伟, 等. 城市道路工况下汽车排放特征的影响因素研究[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2013, 35(10): 42-51.
[43] Zhang K, Batterman S, Dion F, et al. Vehicle emissions in congestion: comparison of work zone, rush hour and free-flow conditions[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(11): 1 929-1 939.
[44] 黄宇, 张庆. 行车速度对北京市机动车排放因子的影响[J]. 交通标准化, 2014, 42(24): 102-106.
[45] Pandian S, Gokhale S, Ghoshal A K, et al. Evaluating effects of traffic and vehicle characteristics on vehicular emissions near traffic intersections[J]. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2009, 14(3): 180-196.
[46] Hiram L II. Photochemistry of the lower troposphere[J]. Planetary and Space Science, 1972, 20(6):919-935.
[47] Dieter H. E. Photooxidation of trace gases in the troposphere[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 1999, 1(24): 5 401-5 408.
[48] Du H H, Kong L D, Cheng T T, et al. Insights into summertime haze pollution events over Shanghai based on online water-soluble ionic composition of aerosols[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(29): 5 131-5 137.
[49] Li P F, Li X, Yang C Y, et al. Fog water chemistry in Shanghai[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(24): 4 034-4 041.
[50] Li W J, Zhou S Z, Wang X F, et al. Integrated evaluation of aerosols from regional brown hazes over northern China in winter: concentrations, sources, transformation, and mixing states[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2011, 116(D9): 1-11.
[51] Yang F, Chen H, Du J F, et al. Evolution of the mixing state of fine aerosols during haze events in Shanghai[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2012, 104: 193-201.
[52] Sun Z Q, Mu Y J, Liu Y J, et al. A comparison study on airborne particles during haze days and non-haze days in Beijing[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 456: 1-8.
[53] 杨昆昊. 北京市大气污染探源和废水中重金属去除研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2016.
Options
文章导航

/

〈 〉

首页 | 期刊介绍 | 编委会 | 投稿指南 | 期刊浏览 | 期刊订阅 | 联系我们

版权所有 © 《中国科学院大学学报》编辑部

本系统由北京玛格泰克科技发展有限公司设计开发

技术支持：support@magtech.com.cn

访问统计

总访问量： 今日访问： 当前在线：

联系我们

通讯地址：北京玉泉路19号（甲）中国科学院大学科研楼410

联系电话:（010）88256013