伴随快速城市化的乡村聚落的衰落是社会各界关注的一个焦点问题，为了缓解这种现状，国家提出乡村振兴战略。那么，在乡村振兴中如何看待村庄的衰减？如何合理布局村庄和促进乡村振兴呢？日本作为一个城市化高度发达的国家，经历了乡村衰落和町村合并，该历程可能对中国有所启示。分析日本过去近100年不同等级町（镇）村数量变化、人口数量变化、空间分布与变化特征，以及町村聚落变化的影响因素；然后从4个方面探讨日本的经验对中国的启示：1）町村规模越大，在时序上衰落（数量减少）越滞后，但2000年以后（城市化后期阶段）不同规模等级的町村都在减少；2）1980—2015年町村数量减少率由东北向西南递增。其中，减少率最高的区域为濑户内海两侧地区，均高于80%；3）1980—2015年町村人口增长的主要区域分布在都市地区（东京都都市圈、名古屋都市圈、大阪都市圈），且离都市圈越近人口增长率越高；4）城市化快速发展、町村合并及选择性的乡村振兴是导致町村变化的3大原因。
The decline rural villages caused by the rapid urbanization have become a hot topic in China. Therefore, the government proposed the rural revitalization strategy. How to treat decline rural villages, to rationally plan the distribution of villages in rural revitalization, and to promote rural revitalization, remain questions that deserve consideration. As a highly urbanized country, Japan has experienced the decline, mergers and dissolutions of rural villages, which may have implications for Chinese rural development. This paper first analyzed the changes in the numbers, the population structure, the spatial distribution characteristics of rural villages, and the causing factors of the change of rural villages in different grades in Japan over the past 100 years, and then discussed the implications for Chinese rural development from Japan's experience in four aspects. The results showed that: 1) The larger the rural villages, the more backward the decline in timing sequence, however, the number of all grades of rural villages had decreased from 2000 to 2015 (late stage of urbanization); 2) From 1980 to 2015, the decrease rate of rural villages was higher in southwest and lower in northeast in Japan. The area with the highest decrease rate is on both sides of the Seto Inland Sea, both higher than 80%. 3) During 1980-2015, the villages with rural population growth were distributed in metropolitan areas, including Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Nagoya Metropolitan Area, Osaka Metropolitan Area. 4) The factors causing changes in progress in rural villages mainly included three aspects: the urbanization process, the policy of rural village merging, and the rural revitalization in selected area.
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