汉长城是中国西北荒漠地区最重要的古代防御系统，其显著特点之一即烽燧林立。在经济水平有限的汉代和自然条件恶劣的干旱地区，烽燧的空间选址如何承载并发挥其屯戍功能，对理解过去人地关系具有重要意义。但目前国内相关研究多为历史地理视角的定性分析，难以揭示其中的量化规律，更无法还原古代地理环境下的空间认知和技术利用水平。以甘肃省玉门市段汉长城为例，引入点模式分析、空间相关性检验、蒙特卡洛模拟等方法，定量地对烽燧空间设置的多种假设因子进行敏感性检验，试图揭示烽燧选址的规律。研究结果显示，地形、水文、聚落位置等自然与人文环境要素均显著影响了汉长城烽燧的空间布局，且在高程1250~1500、坡度2.5°~8°、坡向南偏东70°~南偏西60°、距最邻近水系0~1535m及以城障遗址为中心的2~20km的区间内具有统计显著性。定量结果分析表明，汉长城沿线烽燧建址在确保前线通视性的同时，保障了与后方城障间军事情报车马传递的成本控制和效用优化；此外考虑了选址处人居环境，多选地势平坦、水源充足的绿洲，印证了其屯垦、交通等附属功能，综合体现了汉代地理空间认知和技术利用的较高水平。
孙瑞祺
,
骆磊
,
王心源
,
姚娅
,
黄文江
,
董莹莹
,
连懿
. 汉长城烽燧选址的地理因子探究：以玉门市为例[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2023
, 40(1)
: 50
-58
.
DOI: 10.7523/j.ucas.2021.0030
The Great Wall of Han Dynasty is the most important ancient defense system in the desert region of Northwest China with beacon towers standing in great numbers. In the Han dynasty with limited economic conditions and arid areas with adverse natural conditions, how spatial location of beacon towers played a role in agriculture and military is of great significance for understanding the past human-land relationship. However, current domestic researches are mostly qualitative from the perspective of history and archaeology which is difficult to restore the spatial cognition and technology in the ancient environment without quantitative results. Taking Yumen City, Gansu Province as an example, this paper introduced spatial analysis and statistical methods including point pattern analysis, spatial correlation test, Monte Carlo simulation to quantitatively test the sensitivity of factors that probably affect the spatial distribution of beacon sites. Two types of factors, natural environmental and human settlement, were tested, which further summarized the law of spatial layout of beacon towers. Results indicated that the elevation showed sensitivity in the range of 1250-1500m, while the nearest distance to water showed sensitivity in the range of 0-1535m. The slope factor was sensitive between 2.5°-8°, and the aspect was sensitive in the range of 70° southeast to 60° southwest. The city sites were also sensitive predictors within a radius of about 2-20km centered on themselves. Analysis of the results indicated that the beacon towers along the Great Wall optimized the cost and utility of the military intelligence transmission between the front and the rear city barrier while guaranteeing the visibility of the front line. Additionally, the environment for human settlements at the site was considered by choosing oases with flat terrain and sufficient water sources, confirming its auxiliary functions such as farming and transportation, which comprehensively reflected the advanced geospatial cognition and technology in the Han Dynasty.
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