新生代以来,青海湖在河流侵蚀与构造活动耦合下由外流湖泊转化为内流湖泊,但其动力学成因一直悬而未决。倒淌河作为青海湖由外流转换为内流的关键通道,其动力学演化历史记录着这一重要的构造与地貌转变地质事件。基于最新开发的地貌演化有限体积法数值计算程序,模拟山脉隆升与河流下切共同作用下的河流倒淌形成与演化过程,定量分析隆升速率和河流下切系数对不同的流域演化模式的影响,探讨倒淌河演化的动力学机制,为认识倒淌河流域形成过程与青海湖形成成因提供支撑。结果表明,倒淌河流域的水系重组和倒淌河流向的转变主要受到由日月山断层活化引起的山脉快速隆升与河流下切影响;日月山隆升速率是影响倒淌河流域能否发生水系重组的控制因素;当河流被隆升的山脉阻挡而倒淌时,河流下切系数是控制流域重组速率的因素。
苗宇
,
张怀
,
石耀霖
. 构造活动与地表作用耦合下的河流演化过程及动力学机制——以青海湖和倒淌河为例[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2024
, 41(2)
: 212
-221
.
DOI: 10.7523/j.ucas.2022.056
Since the late Cenozoic, the geodynamic mechanism of the transformation of Qinghai Lake from the external lake to the endorheic lake is still an open problem. The Daotang River is an important channel for transforming from external-flow to the endorheic-flow type of Qinghai Lake. Its evolution records the prominent landform transition event. Based on the newly developed numerical calculation program for geomorphic evolution with finite volume method, in this work, we conduct a series of the landscape evolution models of the Daotang River under the combined influence of mountain uplift and river downcutting, and have a quantitative analysis of the effects of uplift rate and river undercutting coefficient on river backflow patterns. We attempt to explore the mechanism of landform transition events that could provide evidence for the formation process of Daotang River basin and the origin of Qinghai Lake. Our modeling results indicate that the reorganization of the river system and backward flow of the river is jointly controlled by the rapid mountain uplift from the Riyue Mountain active fault and the river undercutting coefficient. The mountain uplift rate is the controlling factor that affects the reorganization of the river system in the Daotang River basin. When rising mountains block the river, the river incision coefficient is the factor that controls the rate of reorganization that occurs in the basin. The result recognizes they have enlightening significance for further understanding the dynamic mechanism of river evolution under the regional tectonic deformation and the coupled surface processes.
[1] 李吉均,方小敏. 青藏高原隆起与环境变化研究[J]. 科学通报,1998,43(15): 1569-1574. DOI:CNKI:SUN:KXTB.0.1998-15-000.
[2] 张会平. 青藏高原东缘、东北缘典型地区晚新生代地貌过程研究[D]. 北京:中国地质大学(北京),2006.
[3] 张培震,郑德文,尹功明,等. 有关青藏高原东北缘晚新生代扩展与隆升的讨论[J]. 第四纪研究,2006,26(1): 5-13. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2006.01.002.
[4] 孙玉军,胡道功,张怀,等. 青藏高原东北缘岩石圈变形方式的动力学模拟研究[J]. 地球物理学进展,2017,32(6): 2383-2393. DOI:10.6038/pg20170613.
[5] 马振华. 晚中新世以来祁连山东段层状地貌及水系演化[D]. 兰州:兰州大学,2020.
[6] Craddock W H,Kirby E,Harkins N W,et al. Rapid fluvial incision along the Yellow River during headward basin integration[J]. Nature Geoscience,2010,3(3): 209-213. DOI:10.1038/ngeo777.
[7] 孫健初. 青海湖[J]. 地质论评,1938,3(5):507-512. DOI:10.16509/j.georeview.1938.05.003.
[8] 袁宝印,陈克造,Bowler J M,等. 青海湖的形成与演化趋势[J]. 第四纪研究,1990,10(3): 233-243.
[9] 李吉均,方小敏,潘保田,等. 新生代晚期青藏高原强烈隆起及其对周边环境的影响[J]. 第四纪研究,2001,21(5): 381-391. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2001.05.001.
[10] Li J J,Fang X M,Ma H Z,et al. Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the late Cenozoic[J]. Science in China(Series D),1996,39(4): 380-390.
[11] 施雅风,李吉均,李炳元,等. 晚新生代青藏高原的隆升与东亚环境变化[J]. 地理学报,1999,54(1): 10-21. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.1999.01.002.
[12] 陈骥,姜在兴,刘超,等. “源—汇”体系主导下的障壁滨岸沉积体系发育模式:以青海湖倒淌河流域为例[J]. 岩性油气藏,2018,30(3): 71-79. DOI:10.12108/yxyqc.20180309.
[13] Zhang H P,Zhang P Z,Champagnac J D,et al. Pleistocene drainage reorganization driven by the isostatic response to deep incision into the northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Geology,2014,42(4): 303-306. DOI:10.1130/g35115.1.
[14] 宋卓沁. 青藏高原东缘典型河流地貌及其活动构造指示[D]. 北京:中国地震局地震预测研究所,2014.
[15] 胡小飞,潘保田,高红山,等. 祁连山东段全新世河流阶地发育及其与气候变化的关系研究[J]. 第四纪研究,2013,33(4): 723-736. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2013.04.10.
[16] 邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等. 中国活动构造与地震活动[J]. 地学前缘,2003,10(S1): 66-73. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2003.z1.012.
[17] 屈春燕. 最新1/400万中国活动构造空间数据库的建立[J]. 地震地质,2008,30(1): 298-304. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2008.01.022.
[18] 宋春晖. 青藏高原北缘新生代沉积演化与高原构造隆升过程[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学,2006.
[19] 边千韬,刘嘉麒,罗小全,等. 青海湖的地质构造背景及形成演化[J]. 地震地质,2000,22(1): 20-26. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2000.01.003.
[20] 洪磊. 青藏高原东北缘现代构造应力场数值模拟[J]. 四川地震,2016(1): 30-37. DOI:10.13716/j.cnki.1001-8115.2016.01.007.
[21] 张焜,孙延贵,巨生成,等. 青海湖由外流湖转变为内陆湖的新构造过程[J]. 国土资源遥感,2010,22(S1):77-81. DOI:10.6046/gtzyyg.2010.s1.18.
[22] Culling W E H. Analytical theory of erosion[J]. The Journal of Geology,1960,68(3):336-344. DOI:10.1086/626663.
[23] Culling W E H. Soil creep and the development of hillside slopes[J]. The Journal of Geology,1963,71(2): 127-161. DOI:10.1086/626891.
[24] Howard A D. A detachment-limited model of drainage basin evolution[J]. Water Resources Research,1994,30(7): 2261-2285. DOI:10.1029/94WR00757.
[25] Lague D. The stream power river incision model: evidence,theory and beyond[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2014,39(1): 38-61. DOI:10.1002/esp.3462.
[26] Pelletier J D. 2.3 fundamental principles and techniques of landscape evolution modeling[M]//Treatise on Geomorphology. Amsterdam: Elsevier,2013: 29-43. DOI:10.1016/b978-0-12-374739-6.00025-7.
[27] Stock J D,Montgomery D R. Geologic constraints on bedrock river incision using the stream power law[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth,1999,104(B3): 4983-4993. DOI:10.1029/98JB02139.
[28] Braun J,Sambridge M. Modelling landscape evolution on geological time scales: a new method based on irregular spatial discretization[J]. Basin Research,1997,9(1): 27-52. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00030.x.
[29] 李伊菲,石耀霖,张怀. 构造与地表过程相互作用: 正断层陡崖形态和几何特征分析[J]. 地球物理学报,2020,63(10): 3740-3750. DOI:10.6038/cjg2020O0121.
[30] Refice A,Giachetta E,Capolongo D. SIGNUM: a Matlab,TIN-based landscape evolution model[J]. Computers & Geosciences,2012,45: 293-303. DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2011.11.013.
[31] 李智敏,苏鹏,黄帅堂,等. 日月山断裂德州段晚更新世以来的活动速率研究[J]. 地震地质,2018,40(3):656-671. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.03.011.
[32] 吴环环,吴学文,李玥,等. 黄河共和—贵德段河流阶地对青藏高原东北缘晚期隆升的指示[J]. 地质学报,2019,93(12): 3239-3248. DOI:10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2019177.
[33] 鹿化煜,安芷生,王晓勇,等. 最近14 Ma青藏高原东北缘阶段性隆升的地貌证据[J]. 中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2004,34(9): 855-864. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7240.2004.09.008.
[34] 张青松,周耀飞,陆祥顺,等. 现代青藏高原上升速度问题[J]. 科学通报,1991,36(7): 529-531.
[35] Roe G H,Montgomery D R,Hallet B. Effects of orographic precipitation variations on the concavity of steady-state river profiles[J]. Geology,2002,30(2): 143-146. DOI:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0143:eoopvo>2.0.co;2.
[36] Ferrier K L,Huppert K L,Perron J T. Climatic control of bedrock river incision[J]. Nature,2013,496(7444): 206-209. DOI:10.1038/nature11982.
[37] Fernandes N F,Dietrich W E. Hillslope evolution by diffusive processes: the timescale for equilibrium adjustments[J]. Water Resources Research,1997,33(6): 1307-1318. DOI:10.1029/97WR00534.
[38] Richardson P W,Perron J T,Schurr N D. Influences of climate and life on hillslope sediment transport[J]. Geology,2019,47(5): 423-426. DOI:10.1130/g45305.1.
[39] 张秉仁. 遥感图像三维技术研究及古黄河源头水系的新发现[D]. 长春:吉林大学,2005.
[40] 袁道阳. 青藏高原东北缘晚新生代以来的构造变形特征与时空演化[D]. 北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2003.
[41] 王新民,宋春晖,师永民,等. 青海湖现代沉积环境与沉积相特征[J]. 沉积学报,1997,15(S1): 157-162.
[42] 俞洪新. 黄河源区构造地貌初探[J]. 青海地质,1979(1): 47-54.
[43] 陈克造,黄第藩,梁狄刚. 青海湖的形成和发展[J]. 地理学报,1964,19(3): 214-233. DOI:10.11821/xb196403002.
[44] 刘静,张金玉,葛玉魁,等. 构造地貌学:构造-气候-地表过程相互作用的交叉研究[J]. 科学通报,2018,63(30): 3070-3088. DOI:10.1360/N972018-00498.
[45] Beaumont C,Jamieson R A,Nguyen M H,et al. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation[J]. Nature,2001,414(6865): 738-742. DOI:10.1038/414738a.
[46] Zeitler P K,Meltzer A S,Koons P O,et al. Erosion,Himalayan geodynamics,and the geomorphology of metamorphism[J]. GSA Today,2001,11(1): 4-9. DOI:10.1130/1052-5173(2001)011<0004:ehgatg>2.0.co;2.
[47] Whipple K X. The influence of climate on the tectonic evolution of mountain belts[J]. Nature Geoscience,2009,2(2): 97-104. DOI:10.1038/ngeo413.
[48] Harel M A,Mudd S M,Attal M. Global analysis of the stream power law parameters based on worldwide 10Be denudation rates[J]. Geomorphology,2016,268:184-196. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.05.035.