浙江产7种菝葜的染色体研究

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文报道浙江产菝葜属smilax 7个种的染色体数目和核型。S．nipponica有两种核型，2n＝

26和2n=32，均为3B型，但后一种细胞型的雄株的第一对染色体大小不等，可能为性染色体；S.

riparia 2n=30，属3B型；S．siebodii n＝16；S. china有两个染色体数目，2n＝96 和n＝15；

S. davidiana 2n=32，属3B型，对减数分裂MI的观察发现n＝16；S．glabra 2n=32，亦属3B

型：S. nervo-marginata var．liukiuensis 2n=32，属3C型。讨论了种间在核型上的差异、属的基数、

核型演化趋势和性染色体等问题。

关键词: 核型, 细胞分类, 菝葜属, 中国

Abstract:

The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of 7 species of Smilax L. in Lilia-

ceae (s. 1.) are cytotaxonomically studied in this work. Their karyotypic characters, distinc-

tion between the species and the chromosomal basis of sexual differentiation are discussed. The

karyotypes of most species are first reported. The results are shown as follows (see Tables

1-4 for the chromosome parameters and the karyotype constitution; Fig. 1 for their idio-

grams):

1. Smilax nipponica Miq. The species is one of the herbaceous species distri-

buted in East Asia. Two karyotypes, 2n = 26(type A) and 2n = 32 (type B), are

found in the species (Plate 1: 1-7). The karyotype of No. 88032 (uncertain of

-L- -M- -S-

sexuality) is 2n = 26 = 2m + 6st + 6m + 4sm + 6sm + 2st. The karyotype has 4

pairs of L chromosomes, of which the first three pairs are subterminal, and the 4th

is median. The karyotype belongs to 3B. No. 88045 (the male) and No. 88046

(the female) have 2n = 32. Their karyotypes are basically uniform, and both are

-L- -M- - S

2n=32= 2m+4sm+ 2st+ 2m+4sm+ 6m+ 10sm + 2st, also with 4 pairs of L

chromosomes, but the 2nd pair is median, and thus different from the type A. The

karyotype belongs to 3B. The first pair of chromosomes of the male are distinctly

unequal in length, with the D. V. (0.93) of relative length between them obviously

greater than that of the female (0.1). The pair seems to be of sex-chromosomes.

Sixteen bivalents (n= 16) were observed at PMCs MI of No. 88045 (Plate 1: 4).

The major difference between the karyotypes A and B are greater relative length

of L chromosomes in the type A than in the type B, and the increase of chromoso-

me number in the karyotype B mainly due to the increase of st chromosomes. Na-

kajima (1937)reports 2n= 30 for S. hederacea var. nipponica (=S. nipponica,

Wang and Tang, 1980).

2. S. riparia A. DC. This species is also herbaceous, distributed in East Asia.

Thirty chromosomes were found in root-tip cells (uncertain of sexuality). The kar-

-L- -M- -S

yotype is 2n = 30 = 8st + 6sm + 2st + 6m + 6sm + 2st (Plate 3: 1, 5), consisting

mainly of sm and st chromosomes. There are 4 pairs of L chromosomes which are

all subterminal and the m chromosomes appear to fall all into S category. Though

the karyotype belongs to 3B, it is less symmetrical than that of S. nipponica. The

species is karyologically rather different from S. nipponica, therefore. The first pair

of chromosomes of this material are unequal in length, and it may be a male. The

karyotype of this species is first reported.

3. S. sieboldii Miq. The species is a thorny climbing shrub, distributed in

East Asia. At PMCs All, 16 chromosomes (n= 16) were found (Plate 2: 6), in

accordance with Nakajima's (1933) report for a Japanese material.

4. S. china L. This species, a thorny climbing shrub, is of a wide distribu-

tion range mainly in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Two karyotypes were observed

in different populations. (1) The population from Xikou has 2n = 96(6x) = 20st+

L- -M-

6t + 6sm + 12st + 52(S) (Plate 3:7), of which the first three pairs of chromo-

somes are terminal, different from those in the other species. The arm ratios of

both L and M chromosomes are larger than 2.0, which resembles those of S. davi-

diana. (2) PMCs MI of the population from Shangyu shew 15 chromosomes (n

15). The hexaploid of the species is recorded for the first time. Hsu (1967,1971)

reported 2n = 30 from Taiwai and Nakajima (1937) recorded n = 30 from Japan,

which indicates that the karyotype of the species varies not only in ploidy, but

also in number.

5. S. davidiana A. DC. The somatic cells were found to have 32 chromoso-

mes, and PMCs MI shew 16 bivalents (Plate 2: 1-5). The karyotype is 2n = 32=

-L- -M- -S

8st + 4sm + 4st + 8sm + 8st. The karyotype belongs to 3B, and is less symmetri-

cal than those in herbaceous species. The D. V. (0.20) of relative length between

the two homologues of the first pair is slightly larger in the male than in the fe-

male (0.14), and it is thus difficult to determine whether they are sexual chromos-

omes or not.

6. S. glabra Roxb. The species is a non-thorny climbing shrub, distributed

in East Asia and Southeast Asia. 32 chromosomes were found in somatic cells. The

-L- -M- - S-

karyotype is 2n= 32= 8st + 10st+6sm+8st (Plate 3: 2, 6),with only 3 pairs

of sm chromosomes (12, 13 and 16th). The karyotype is more asymmetric than

that of S. davidiana, although it is also of 3B (Table 1). The karyotype is first

reported for the species.

7. S. nervo-marginata Hay. var. liukiuensis (Hay.) Wang et Tang The variety

has a relatively narrow distribution range, mainly occurring in eastern China. The

chromosomal number of somatic cells is 2n= 32 (Plate 3: 3-4). The karyotype is

-L- -M- -S

2n = 32 = 2sm + 6st + 2sm + 2st + 2m + 6sm + 12st, evidently different from that

of S. glabra. The first pair of chromosomes are submedian, and much longer than

the 2nd to 4th pairs. The ratio in length of the largest chromosome to the smallest

one is 4.3. The symmetric degree is of 3C, a unique type. The karyotype of the

species is reported for the first time.

In Smilax, the known basic numbers are 13, 15, 16 and 17. The two herbaceous species

distributed in East Asia have three basic numbers: 13, 15 and 16, while the woody species studi-

ed mainly have 16, with no 13 recorded. Mangaly (1968) studied 8 herbaceous species in North

America and reported 2n=26 for them except S. pseudo-china with 2n=30. Mangaly consi-

dered that a probably ancestral home of Smilax, both the herbaceous and woody, is in Southeast

Asia and the eastern Himalayas, and speculated that the ancestral type of Sect. Coprosman-

thus is possibly an Asian species, S. riparia. The karyotypes of the two herbaceous species in

East Asia consist mostly of sm and m chromosomes, whereas those for the North American

species are all of st chromosomes. Based on the general rule of karyotypic evolution, i.e. from

symmetry to asymmetry, his speculation seems reasonable.

Researches on sex-chromosomes of Smilax have been carried out since 1930 (Lindsay, 1930;

Jensen, 1937; Nakajima, 1937; Mangaly, 1968), and they are generally considered to be the

largest pair, but there is still no adequate evidence. The result of our observation on S. nipponica

may confirm that the first pair of chromosomes of this species is XY type of sex-chromosomes.

Chromosomes of the genus are small and medium-sized, varying between 1-6 μm, slightly

larger in herbaceous species than in woody ones, larger in the karyotype of 2n=26 than in

that of 2n=32. Based on karyotype constitution of the above 5 species, the karyotype in the

genus is characterized by 4 pairs of L chromosomes and 2-5 pairs of M chromosomes, and

mostly st and sm chromosomes, and by rather asymmetrical 3B type. The degree of symmetry

in the above 5 species is from Sect. Coprosmanthus to Sect. Coilanthus, and herbaceous species to

woody ones.

Key words: Karyotype, Cytotaxonomy, Smilax, Zhejiang, China

傅承新, 洪德元. 浙江产7种菝葜的染色体研究[J]. 中国科学院大学学报.

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浙江产7种菝葜的染色体研究

A Chromosomal Study on 7 Species of Smilax L.

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