刺五加大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的观察

中国科学院大学学报

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刺五加大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的观察

刘林德,王仲礼,田国伟,申家恒

收稿日期:1900-01-01 修回日期:1900-01-01 出版日期:1998-07-10 发布日期:1998-07-10
通讯作者: 刘林德

Megasporogenesis, Microsporogenesis and Development of Gametophytes in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae)

LIU Lin-De, WANG Zhong-Li, TIAN Guo-Wei, SHEN Jia-Heng

Received:1900-01-01 Revised:1900-01-01 Online:1998-07-10 Published:1998-07-10
Contact: LIU Lin-De

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

刺五加Eleutherococcus senticosus(Rupr．et Maxim．)Maxim．雄株的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过

程正常，大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程多不正常。雄花具5个花药，花药4室，药壁发育属双子叶型，

腺质绒毡层，绒毡层细胞多具2核。小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成四面体形四分体，其胞质分裂为同时

型。成熟花粉为3细胞型。子房下位，5室；每室有上胚珠和下胚珠，上胚珠退化，下胚珠倒生、具单珠

被、厚珠心；大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形或“T”形四分体，偶尔有2个并列或串联的四分体或在

四分体之上又出现孢原细胞。其功能大孢子位置不确定。雌配子体发育中异常现象较多。开花时，雌

配子体主要为反足细胞退化后的四细胞胚囊。刺五加雌株的小孢子母细胞不能进行减数分裂或减数分

裂不正常，不能形成四分体。开花时，药室空瘪，无花粉形成。其大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程正常，

大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线形或“T”形四分体，合点端大孢子为功能大孢子，胚囊发育属蓼型。开花

时，雌配子体主要为七细胞八核或七细胞七核胚囊，其卵器尚未发育成熟。刺五加两性株的小孢子发生

过程无异常，但雄配子体发育过程有部分异常；开花时，药室内有或多或少的空花粉，且花粉粒大小悬

殊，大的直径达35μm，小的仅15～18 μm。两性株的雌蕊发育大部分正常，也有一些异常胚囊形成。开

花时，雌配子体主要是七细胞八核胚囊、七细胞七核胚囊和反足细胞退化后的四细胞胚囊，其卵器也未

发育成熟。

关键词: 刺五加, 大孢子发生, 小孢子发生, 雄配子体, 雄配子体发育, 雌配子体, 雌配子体发育

Abstract:

This paper describes megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis, and development of

female and male gametophytes in Eleutherococcus senticosus. The main results are as fol-

lows: Flowers of E. senticosus are epigynous, pentamerous. Anthers are 4 -microsporan-

giate. An ovary has 5 loculi. Each ovary loculus has 2 ovules: the upper ovule and the lower

ovule. The upper one is orthotropous and degenerates after the formation of archesporial cell,

while the lower one is anatropous, unitegmic and crassinucellar, and able to continue devel-

oping. In male plants, microsporogenesis and development of male gametophytes took place

in regular way, but a series of abnormal phenomena were found in megasporogenesis and de-

velopment of female gametophytes. The microspore mother cells gave rise to tetrahedral te-

trads by meiosis. Cytokinesis was of the simultaneous type. The mature pollen was 3-celled

and shed singly. The anther wall formation belonged to the dicotyledonous type. At the

stage of microspore mother cell, the anther wall consisted of four layers, i.e. epidermis, en-

dothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. The tapetum was of glandular type and its most cells

were binucleate. When microspores were at the uninucleate stage, the tapetum began to de-

generate in situ. When microspores developed into 3-celled pollen grains, the tapetum had

fully degenerates. In the lower ovule of male flower, the megaspore mother cell gave rise to

a linear or “T” -shaped tetrad. In some cases, a new archesporial cell over the tetrad or two

tetrads parallel or in a series were observed. Furthermore, the position of functional megas-

pore was variable; any one or two megaspores might be functional, or one megaspore gave

rise to a uninucleate embryo sac, but two other megaspores also had a potentiality of develop-

ing into the embryo sac. In generally, on the day when flowers opened, female gameto-

phytes contained only 4 cells: a central cell, two irregular synergids and one unusual egg cell.

In female plants, microspore mother cells and secondary sporogenous cells were observed.

But at the stage of secondary sporogenous cell, the newly differentiated tapetum took the ap-

pearance of degeneration. Later, during the whole stage of meiosis, the trace of degenerative

tapetum could be seen. At last, the microsporangium degenerated and no tetrad formed. On

the blossom day, all anthers shriveled without pollen grains. In female flowers, megasporo-

genesis and development of female gametophytes were normal: the tetrad of megaspores was

linear or “T”-shaped; the chalazal megaspore was usually functional; the development of em-

bryo sac was of the Polygonum type. On the blossom day, most embryo sacs consisted of 7

cells with 8 nuclei or 7 cells with 7 nuclei; but the egg apparatus was not fully developed. In

hermaphroditic plants, microsporogenesis was normal but the development of male gameto-

phytes was partially abnormal. When the hermaphroditic flowers blossomed, there were more

or less empty pollen grains in the microsporangium and these pollen grains were quite differ-

ent in size. The development of most gynoecia was normal but numerous abnormal embryo

sacs could be seen. On the blossom day, female gametophytes were mainly 7-celled with 8-

nuclei or with 7-nuclei or 4-celled with antipodal cells degenerated; the egg apparatus was

not fully developed either.

Key words: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Megasporogenesis, Microsporogenesis, Male and fe-male gametophytes, Gametophyte development

刘林德,王仲礼,田国伟,申家恒. 刺五加大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的观察[J]. 中国科学院大学学报.

LIU Lin-De, WANG Zhong-Li, TIAN Guo-Wei, SHEN Jia-Heng. Megasporogenesis, Microsporogenesis and Development of Gametophytes in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae)[J]. .

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刺五加大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的观察

Megasporogenesis, Microsporogenesis and Development of Gametophytes in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae)

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