大气边界层垂直风切变是高层建筑、航空和风能利用等领域影响安全的重要因素，对大气垂直分布的研究具有重要实际价值。选用位于河北张家口地区的激光雷达测试场地的140 m测风塔数据，通过测风塔和激光雷达的同期外场测量，验证激光雷达与测风塔对垂直风切变的测量精度，研究大气稳定度对于垂直风切变的影响。结果表明：1)大气稳定度对风切变影响显著，风速切变、风向切变与大气稳定度的相关系数分别为0.48和0.54；2)风速切变随位温梯度的增加而增加，当位温梯度达到0.08 K·m-1后，风速切变保持在0.35~0.40；3)位温梯度大于0时，风向随高度增加顺时偏转；位温梯度小于0时，风向随高度增加逆时针偏转；中性大气风向的垂直分布较为一致。通过测风塔和激光雷达的垂直观测建立了风速切变、风向切变与大气稳定度的关系模型，对风场垂直分布相关的研究与应用具有较好的参考价值。
Vertical wind shear in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is an important factor affecting safety in high-rise buildings, aviation and wind energy industry, therefore the detection and study of vertical wind shear is very important for application and research. In this paper, the accuracy of Lidar and meteorological mast (met mast) on the vertical wind shear was verified by field measurements, and the influence of atmospheric stability on vertical wind shear was studied. The results showed that: 1) the atmospheric stability had a significant effect on wind speed shear and wind direction veer, and the correlation coefficients of wind speed shear and wind direction veer with atmospheric stability are 0.48 and 0.54, respectively; 2) The wind speed shear increased with the potential temperature gradient, and remained 0.35-0.4 when the potential temperature gradient reaches 0.08 K·m-1; 3) Under the neutral atmospheric condition, the wind direction of the upper and lower layers was more consistent, and the wind direction deflected counterclockwise with the increase of height under stable atmospheric condition, and deflected clockwise with the increase of height under the unstable atmospheric condition. The conclusion in this paper modeled the relationship between wind shear and atmospheric stability by the vertical observation of wind field, which is a good reference and valuable for the research and application related to the vertical structure of wind field.
[1] Krogsæter O, Reuder J. Validation of boundary layer parameterization schemes in the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model under the aspect of offshore wind energy applications-part II: Boundary layer height and atmospheric stability[J]. Wind Energy, 2015, 18(7): 1291-1302. DOI:10.1002/we.1765.
[2] Werapun W, Tirawanichakul Y, Waewsak J. Wind shear coefficients and their effect on energy production[J]. Energy Procedia, 2017, 138: 1061-1066. DOI:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.111.
[3] 黄轩, 郑佳锋, 张杰, 等. 西宁机场一次低空风切变的结构和特征研究[J]. 激光技术, 2022, 46(2): 206-212. DOI:10.7510/jgjs.issn.1001-3806.2022.02.010.
[4] International Civil Aviation Organization. Manual on low-level wind shear[M]. Ottawa, Canada:International Civil Aviation Organization, 2005:5-27.
[5] Gultepe I, Sharman R, Williams P D, et al. A review of high impact weather for aviation meteorology[J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2019, 176(5): 1869-1921. DOI:10.1007/s00024-019-02168-6.
[6] 周艳宗, 王冲, 刘燕平, 等. 相干测风激光雷达研究进展和应用[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56(2): 020001. DOI:10.3788/LOP56.020001.
[7] 夏俊荣, 王普才, 闵敏. 新型多普勒测风激光雷达Windcube的风参数观测与验证[J]. 气候与环境研究, 2011, 16(6): 733-741.
[8] 马晓梅, 王博, 刘永前. 一种基于大气稳定度的风资源评估方法[J]. 可再生能源, 2020, 38(1): 47-52. DOI:10.13941/j.cnki.21-1469/tk.2020.01.009.
[9] Gualtieri G, Secci S. Methods to extrapolate wind resource to the turbine hub height based on power law: a 1-h wind speed vs. Weibull distribution extrapolation comparison[J]. Renewable Energy, 2012, 43: 183-200. DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2011.12.022.
[10] 郝辰妍, 许昌, 薛飞飞, 等. 基于热稳定度风向标准差法的风速外推模型研究[J]. 可再生能源, 2018, 36(5): 737-742. DOI:10.13941/j.cnki.21-1469/tk.2018.05.018.
[11] 毕雪岩, 刘烽, 吴兑. 几种大气稳定度分类标准计算方法的比较分析[J]. 热带气象学报, 2005, 21(4): 402-409. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2005.04.008.
[12] 李祥余. 大气稳定度分类方法及判据比较研究[J]. 环境与可持续发展, 2015, 40(6): 93-95. DOI:10.19758/j.cnki.issn1673-288x.2015.06.026.
[13] 李琼, 叶燕翔, 李福娇, 等. 广东各地Pasquill稳定度频率的分布特征[J]. 热带气象学报, 1996, 12(2):181-187. DOI:10.16032/j.issn.1004-4965.1996.02.011.
[14] 袁万, 彭秀芳, 胡煜. 大气稳定度对内陆低风速风电场发电量影响研究[J]. 太阳能学报, 2018, 39(8): 2133-2138.
[15] Li J, Guo J P, Xu H, et al. Assessing the surface-layer stability over China using long-term wind-tower network observations[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2021, 180(1): 155-171. DOI:10.1007/s10546-021-00620-6.
[16] 王蓉, 范绍佳, 鲍若峪. 广东沿海地区大气稳定度的分类方法探讨[J]. 热带气象学报, 2011, 27(2): 251-256. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2011.02.014.
[17] 范绍佳, 鲍若峪, 罗小芬, 等. 广东沿海地区大气稳定度及其分类探讨[J]. 中山大学学报(自然科学版), 1997, 36(1): 79-83.
[18] 范绍佳, 林文实, 苏雄晖, 等. 理查逊数Ri在沿海近地层大气稳定度分类中的应用[J]. 热带气象学报, 1999, 15(4): 370-373, 34. DOI:10.16032/j.issn.1004-4965.1999.04.011.
[19] Peng Z, Sun J N. Characteristics of the drag coefficient in the roughness sublayer over a complex urban surface[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2014, 153(3): 569-580. DOI:10.1007/s10546-014-9949-8.
[20] 彭珍, 胡非, 蒋维楣, 等. 地气通量中存贮和平流项计算方案的探讨[J]. 气候与环境研究, 2009, 14(2): 113-119.
[21] 彭珍, 宋丽莉, 胡非, 等. 台风“珍珠”登陆期间动量通量的多尺度分析[J]. 热带气象学报, 2012, 28(1): 61-67. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2012.01.007.
[22] 盛裴轩, 毛节泰, 李建国. 大气物理学[M]. 2版. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2013.
[23] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Wind energy generation systems-Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines: IEC 61400-12-1:2017[S/OL]. (2017-03-03)[2021-02-23]. https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/26603.
[24] Wharton S, Lundquist J K. Assessing atmospheric stability and its impacts on rotor-disk wind characteristics at an onshore wind farm[J]. Wind Energy, 2012, 15(4): 525-546. DOI:10.1002/we.483.
[25] Stull R B. An Introduction to boundary layer meteorology[M]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. DOI:10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8.
[26] 毕雪岩, 刘烽, 陈辉, 等. 北京地区大气稳定度垂直分布特征[J]. 热带气象学报, 2003, 19(S1): 173-179. DOI:10.16032/j.issn.1004-4965.2003.s1.020.
[27] Murphy P, Lundquist J K, Fleming P. How wind speed shear and directional veer affect the power production of a megawatt-scale operational wind turbine[J]. Wind Energy Science, 2020, 5(3): 1169-1190. DOI:10.5194/wes-5-1169-2020.
