2004年Mw9.3苏门答腊地震产生的库仑应力

doi:10.7523/j.issn.2095-6134.2017.01.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2004年12月26日苏门答腊Mw9.3地震产生的应力扰动，强烈影响了苏门答腊及其周边地区的地震活动性，甚至对中国西南部地区的地震活动性也有明显的影响。基于断层滑动模型，采用等效体力处理断层错动有限单元方法，分别用分层球对称地球模型与三维横向不均匀性地球模型计算在全球地壳和地幔中产生的同震效应。据此，对在苏门答腊和中国西南等地区产生的同震效应进行重点分析。结果表明：在同震破裂面附近，使用三维不均匀性地球模型与使用分层球对称模型得到的结果有明显差别，前者更加合理。在同震破裂面附近有必要使用三维不均匀性地球模型。使用球对称模型计算，有67.6%的余震发生在库仑应力增加区；而使用横向不均匀性地球模型时，计算的这一比率可高达72.3%，这说明余震与断层库仑应力增加区域有很好的对应关系。在西安达曼断层北段余震的发生与库仑应力为正值的主要断层有很好的对应关系，余震受到其附近的主要断层的控制作用。

关键词: 2004年苏门答腊地震, 有限元方法, 三维横向不均匀性, 库仑应力, 地震触发

Abstract:

The stress perturbation induced by 2004 Sumatra earthquake has greatly changed seismicity around Sumatra and its vicinity, including Southwest China. In this study, we calculated the co-seismic stress changes induced by this earthquake using a layered spherically symmetric earth model and a 3D laterally heterogeneous earth model. Both the calculations are based on the fault slip model, which fits well with the GPS observation and has been widely quoted by other researchers, and the equivalent body force finite element method is applied to deal with the co-seismic fault slip effect. The entire volume of a spherical shell from earth surface to core-mantle boundary is included in our investigation, and boundary conditions can be easily assigned to the two boundaries. In the spherical symmetric model, there are 67.6% of aftershocks occurring in regions of positive Coulomb stresses. In the lateral heterogeneous model, 72.3% of aftershocks occurring in regions of positive Coulomb stresss. The aftershocks in the northern part of west Andaman fault have good correlation with the main faults which have positive Coulomb stress. So the aftershocks were apparently controlled by adjacent main faults.

Key words: 2004 Sumatra earthquake, finite element method, 3D lateral heterogeneity, Coulomb stress, earthquake triggering

中图分类号:

P315

瞿武林, 张贝, 黄禄渊, 程惠红, 张怀, 石耀霖. 2004年Mw9.3苏门答腊地震产生的库仑应力[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2017, 34(1): 86-98.

QU Wulin, ZHANG Bei, HUANG Luyuan, CHENG Huihong, ZHANG Huai, SHI Yaolin. Coulomb stresses induced by the 2004 Mw9.3 Sumatra earthquake[J]. , 2017, 34(1): 86-98.

参考文献

[1] Lay T, Kanamori H, Ammon C J, et al. The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004[J]. Science,2005, 308(5725):1127-1133.
[2] Ammon C J, Ji C, Thio H, et al. Rupture process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J]. Science,2005, 308(5725):1133-1139.
[3] Banerjee F F P R. The size and duration of the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from far-field static offsets[J]. Secience,2005, 308:1769-1772.
[4] Ni S, Kanamori H, Helmberger D. Seismology:Energy radiation from the Sumatra earthquake[J]. Nature,2005, 434(7033):582.
[5] Vigny C, Simons W J, Abu S, et al. Insight into the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia[J]. Nature,2005, 436(7048):201-206.
[6] Chlieh M, Avouac J, Hjorleifsdottir V, et al. Coseismic slip and afterslip of the great Mw 9.15 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 2004[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007, 97(1A):S152-S173.
[7] Rhie J, Dreger D, B U Rgmann R, et al. Slip of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake from joint inversion of long-period global seismic waveforms and GPS static offsets[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007, 97(1A):S115-S127.
[8] Shearer P, B U Rgmann R. Lessons learned from the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman megathrust rupture[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2010, 38(1):103.
[9] Bird P. An updated digital model of plate boundaries[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,2003, 4(3):1027.
[10] Subarya C, Chlieh M, Prawirodirdjo L, et al. Plate-boundary deformation associated with the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J]. Nature,2006, 440(7080):46-51.
[11] Bock Y, Prawirodirdjo L, Genrich J F, et al. Crustal motion in Indonesia from global positioning system measurements[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth (1978-2012),2003, 108(B8):2367.
[12] Muller R D, Sdrolias M, Gaina C, et al. Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,2008, 9(4):Q4006.
[13] 付广裕,孙文科. 2004年苏门答腊地震引起的远场形变[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学,2008, 28(2):1-7.
[14] 张国民,张晓东,刘杰,等. 印尼苏门答腊8.7级大震对中国陆区的影响[J]. 地震,2006, 25(4):15-25.
[15] Lei X, Xie C, Fu B. Remotely triggered seismicity in Yunnan, southwestern China, following the 2004 Mw9.3 Sumatra earthquake[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth (1978-2012),2011, 116:B8303.
[16] 马寅生,史大年,安美建,等. 苏门答腊地震对柴达木地方震的触发作用[J]. 地质力学学报,2005, 11(2):110-116.
[17] Cattin R, Chamot-Rooke N, Pubellier M, et al. Stress change and effective friction coefficient along the Sumatra-Andaman-Sagaing fault system after the 26 December 2004(Mw=9.2) and the 28 March 2005(Mw=8.7) earthquakes[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,2009, 10:Q3011.
[18] 缪淼,朱守彪. 俯冲带上特大地震静态库仑应力变化对后续余震触发效果的研究[J]. 地球物理学报,2012, 55(9):2982-2993.
[19] Pollitz F F, B U Rgmann R, Banerjee P. Post-seismic relaxation following the great 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on a compressible self-gravitating Earth[J]. Geophysical Journal International,2006, 167(1):397-420.
[20] Okada Y. Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992, 82(2):1018-1040.
[21] Wang R, Mart I N F L, Roth F. Computation of deformation induced by earthquakes in a multi-layered elastic crust:FORTRAN programs EDGRN/EDCMP[J]. Computers and Geosciences,2003, 29(2):195-207.
[22] Fu G, Sun W. Effects of lateral inhomogeneity in a spherical earth on gravity earth tides[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth (1978-2012),2007, 112:B6409.
[23] 张贝,张怀,石耀霖. 有限元模拟弹性位错的等效体力方法[J]. 地球物理学报,2015, 58(5):1666-1674.
[24] Bangerth W, Rannacher R. Adaptive finite element methods for differential equations[M]. Birkhauser, 2013.
[25] Antonioli A, Piersanti A, Spada G. Stress diffusion following large strike-slip earthquakes:a comparison between spherical and flat-earth models[J]. Geophysical Journal International,1998, 133(1):85-90.
[26] Sun W, Okubo S. Effects of earth's spherical curvature and radial heterogeneity in dislocation studies:for a point dislocation[J]. Geophysical research letters,2002, 29(12):41-46.
[27] Dong J, Sun W, Zhou X, et al. Effects of Earth's layered structure, gravity and curvature on coseismic deformation[J]. Geophysical Journal International,2014, 199(3):1442-1451.
[28] Qu W, Zhang B, Shi Y. Equivalent body force finite elements method and 3-D earth model applied in 2004 Sumatra earthquake[J]. AGU Fall Meeting, 2015:NH51D-1921.
[29] Dziewonski A M, Anderson D L. Preliminary reference earth model[J]. Physics of the earth and planetary interiors,1981, 25(4):297-356.
[30] Laske G, Masters G, Ma Z, et al. Update on CRUST1.0-A 1-degree global model of earth's crust[J]. Geophys Res Abstracts, 2013:EGU2013-2658.
[31] Simmons N A, Forte A M, Boschi L, et al. GyPSuM:A joint tomographic model of mantle density and seismic wave speeds[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth (1978-2012),2010, 115:B12310.
[32] 瞿武林,张贝,黄禄渊,等. 2004年苏门答腊地震的几个断层滑动模型的全球同震位移对比[J]. 地球物理学报,2016,59(8):2843-2858.
[33] Sevilgen V, Stein R S, Pollitz F F. Stress imparted by the great 2004 Sumatra earthquake shut down transforms and activated rifts up to 400 km away in the Andaman Sea[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2012, 109(38):15152-15156.
[34] Mccaffrey R. The tectonic framework of the sumatran subduction zone[J]. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,2009, 37:345-366.
[35] Konca A O, Hjorleifsdottir V, Song T A, et al. Rupture kinematics of the 2005 Mw8.6 Nias-Simeulue earthquake from the joint inversion of seismic and geodetic data[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007, 97(1A):S307-S322.
[36] King G C, Stein R S, Lin J. Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1994, 84(3):935-953.
[37] Stein R S. The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence[J]. Nature,1999, 402(6762):605-609.
[38] Sumy D F, Cochran E S, Keranen K M, et al. Observations of static Coulomb stress triggering of the November 2011 M5.7 Oklahoma earthquake sequence[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2014, 119(3):1904-1923.
[39] Cotton F, Coutant O. Dynamic stress variations due to shear faults in a plane-layered medium[J]. Geophysical Journal International,1997, 128(3):676-688.
[40] Pollitz F F, Banerjee P, B U Rgmann R, et al. Stress changes along the Sunda trench following the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman and 28 March 2005 Nias earthquakes[J]. Geophysical research letters,2006, 33:L6309.
[41] 石耀霖,曹建玲. 库仑应力计算及应用过程中若干问题的讨论:以汶川地震为例[J]. 地球物理学报,2010, 53(1):102-110.
[42] Das S, Scholz C H. Why large earthquakes do not nucleate at shallow depths[J]. 1983, 305:621-623.
[43] Stein R S, Lisowski M. The 1979 Homestead valley earthquake sequence, California:control of aftershocks and postseismic deformation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1983, 88(B8):6477-6490.
[44] Harris R A. Introduction to special section:Stress triggers, stress shadows, and implications for seismic hazard[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1998, 103(B10):24347-24358.
[45] Steacy S, Gomberg J, Cocco M. Introduction to special section:Stress transfer, earthquake triggering, and time-dependent seismic hazard[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2005, 110:B05S01.
[46] Mccloskey J, Nalbant S U L S, Steacy S, et al. Structural constraints on the spatial distribution of aftershocks[J]. Geophysical research letters,2003, 30(12):1610.
[47] Nalbant S S, Steacy S, Sieh K, et al. Seismology:Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench[J]. Nature,2005, 435(7043):756-757.
[48] Peng Y, Zhou S, Zhuang J, et al. An approach to detect the abnormal seismicity increase in Southwestern China triggered co-seismically by 2004 Sumatra Mw 9.2 earthquake[J]. Geophysical Journal International,2012, 189(3):1734-1740.