Organic mineralization in lead-zinc deposits — a case study of the Jinding lead-zinc deposit, Lanping basin

doi:10.7523/j.ucas.2024.016

Abstract

Abstract: A large amount of organic matter (OM) is associated with ore bodies in the Jinding lead-zinc deposit, Lanping Basin, the northwestern Yunnan province, but the way and process of OM participating in lead-zinc mineralization are still controversial. OM in the deposit has generally undergone biodegradation, and much of it still contains detectable n-alkanes, isoprenoids, naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl, and other compounds. A small portion of OM does not contain n-alkanes and isoprenoids but shows the characteristics of initial degradation of steranes while no 25-norhopane is generated, which is generally in line with the characteristics of grade 2~5 biodegradation, consistent with the bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR). There is no significant correlation between the δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁸O_PDB values of calcites, and their distribution patterns of REEs, Y/Ho values, and Sr contents are also inconsistent with the characteristics of thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) calcites. The δ¹³C_PDBvalues (~-27‰) of bitumen in the deposit are not less than that of source rocks (estimated value), so it is reasonable to infer that TSR is not the main way for OM to participate in the lead-zinc mineralization. The estimation results of δ³⁴S show that the δ³⁴S of H₂S generated by the thermal decomposition of OM is from -5‰ to 0, which is consistent with the range of heavy sulfur isotope peaks (-8‰~-2‰) in the δ³⁴S value histogram of metal sulfides in the deposit. Based on mineralization characteristics, if 1/3 of the lead-zinc ore is related to the thermal decomposition of OM, and the sulfur content of crude oil in the paleo reservoir is 1.5%, the amount of crude oil required for mineralization is calculated to be about 96.87 million tons, which is not contradictory to geological facts. Therefore, we suggest that OM is mainly involved in lead-zinc mineralization through BSR in the formation stage of paleo reservoirs and thermal decomposition of OM in the high-temperature mineralization stage, while TSR might does not occur on a large scale.

Key words: Organic mineralization, Jinding lead-zinc deposit, Bacterial sulfate reduction, Thermochemical sulfate reduction, Thermal decomposition

CLC Number:

P611.2

HOU Xingao, JU Yiwen, FENG Hongye, XIAO Lei, QIAO Peng, TAO Liru, WANG Peng, WANG Wei, GAO Jian. Organic mineralization in lead-zinc deposits — a case study of the Jinding lead-zinc deposit, Lanping basin[J]. Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.7523/j.ucas.2024.016.

References

[1] Eisenlohr B N, Tompkins L A, Cathles L M, et al.Mississippi Valley-type deposits: products of brine expulsion by eustatically induced hydrocarbon generation? An example from northwestern Australia[J]. Geology, 1994, 22(4): 315-318. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0315:MVTDPO>2.3.CO;2.
[2] 常象春, 张金亮. 金顶铅锌矿区中原油地化特征及其意义[J]. 特种油气藏, 2003, 10(5): 15-19. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6535.2003.05.005.
[3] Kyle J R, Li N.Jinding: A giant tertiary sandstone-hosted Zn-Pb deposit, Yunnan, China[J]. SEG Discovery, 2002(50): 1-16. DOI: 10.5382/SEGnews.2002-50.fea
[4] Xue C J, Zeng R, Liu S W, et al.Geologic, fluid inclusion and isotopic characteristics of the Jinding Zn-Pb deposit, western Yunnan, South China: a review[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2007, 31(1/2/3/4): 337-359. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.04.007.
[5] Mu L, Hu R Z, Bi X W, et al.In situ trace elements and sulfur isotope analyses of layered sphalerite as a record of ore-forming processes in the world-class Jinding sediment-hosted Zn-Pb Ore Deposit, China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2023, 163: 105794. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105794.
[6] 薛春纪, 高永宝, 曾荣, 等. 滇西北兰坪盆地金顶超大型矿床有机岩相学和地球化学[J]. 岩石学报, 2007, 23(11): 2889-2900. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0569.2007.11.019.
[7] 高永宝, 薛春纪, 曾荣. 滇西北兰坪金顶铅锌矿床有机物质地球化学[J]. 地球化学, 2008, 37(03): 223-232. DOI: 10.19700/j.0379-1726.2008.03.004.
[8] 张萌. 滇西北兰坪金顶铅锌矿有机成矿作用研究[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2013.
[9] 薛春纪, 高永宝, David L Leach.滇西北兰坪金顶可能的古油气藏及对铅锌大规模成矿的作用[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 2009, 31(3): 221-229. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.2009.03.001.
[10] Song Y C, Hou Z Q, Xue C D, et al.New Mapping of the world-class Jinding Zn-Pb deposit, Lanping Basin, southwest China: genesis of ore host rocks and records of hydrocarbon-rock interaction[J]. Economic Geology, 2020, 115(5): 981-1002. DOI: 10.5382/econgeo.4721.
[11] Leach D L, Song Y C, Hou Z Q.The world-class Jinding Zn-Pb deposit: ore formation in an evaporite dome, Lanping Basin, Yunnan, China[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2017, 52(3): 281-296. DOI: 10.1007/s00126-016-0668-6.
[12] Li M L, Liu S A, Xue C J, et al.Zinc, cadmium and sulfur isotope fractionation in a supergiant MVT deposit with bacteria[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2019, 265: 1-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2019.08.018.
[13] Yalikun Y, Xue C J, Dai Z J, et al.Microbial structures and possible bacterial sulfide fossils in the giant Jinding Zn-Pb deposit, Yunnan, SW-China: Insights into the genesis of Zn-Pb sulfide mineralization[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2018, 92: 61-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.11.004.
[14] Lan Q, Hu R Z, Bi X W, et al.The source of organic matter and its role in producing reduced sulfur for the giant sediment-hosted Jinding zinc-lead deposit, Lanping Basin, Yunnan, southwest China[J]. Economic Geology, 2021, 116(7): 1537-1560. DOI: 10.5382/econgeo.4838.
[15] Tang Y Y, Bi X W, Fayek M, et al.Microscale sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfide minerals from the Jinding Zn-Pb deposit, Yunnan Province, southwest China[J]. Gondwana Research, 2014, 26(2): 594-607. DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.021.
[16] 高永宝, 薛春纪, 曾荣. 兰坪金顶铅锌硫化物成矿中硫化氢成因[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 2008, 30(4): 367-372. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.2008.04.006.
[17] 张瑞杰. 云南金顶超大型铅锌矿床成矿金属来源[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2020.
[18] Anderson G M.Kerogen as a source of sulfur in MVT deposits[J]. Economic Geology, 2015, 110(3): 837-840. DOI: 10.2113/econgeo.110.3.837.
[19] Kesler S E, Jones H D, Furman F C, et al.Role of crude oil in the genesis of Mississippi Valley-type deposits: evidence from the Cincinnati arch[J]. Geology, 1994, 22(7): 609-612. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0609:ROCOIT>2.3.CO;2.
[20] Xue C J, Chi G X, Fayek M.Micro-textures and in situ sulfur isotopic analysis of spheroidal and zonal sulfides in the giant Jinding Zn-Pb deposit, Yunnan, China: Implications for biogenic processes[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2015, 103: 288-304. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.07.009.
[21] 薛春纪, Chi Guoxiang, 陈毓川, 等. 西南三江兰坪盆地大规模成矿的流体动力学过程——流体包裹体和盆地流体模拟证据[J]. 地学前缘, 2007, 14(5): 147-157. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn: 1005-2321.2007.05.015.
[22] 王宇, 薛传东, 杨天南, 等. 青藏高原东南缘金顶铅锌矿集区中新世沉积特征:大陆斜向碰撞带周缘前陆盆地沉积[J]. 岩石学报, 2022, 38(11): 3503-3514. DOI: 10.18654/1000-0569/2022.11.14.
[23] 付修根. 金顶铅锌矿床的有机成矿作用[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2005.
[24] 李长志, 郭佩, 豆霜, 等.固体沥青形态、成因以及应用研究进展[J/OL].(2023-06-19) [2023-12-24]. 沉积学报. https://doi.org/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.048 .
[25] Liu J Z, Fu J M, Lu J L.Experimental research on the role of organic matter in formation of sedimentary-reworked gold ore deposits[J]. Science in China (Series B), 1994, 37(7): 859-869.
[26] Leach D L, Sangster D F, Kelley K D, et al.Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits: A global perspective[M]//Hedenquist J W, Thompson J F H, Goldfarb R J, et al. One Hundredth Anniversary Volume. Littleton: Society of Economic Geologists, 2005: 561-608. DOI: 10.5382/AV100.18.
[27] Emsbo P.Gold in Sedex Deposits[M]//Hagemann S G, Brown P E. Gold in 2000. Littleton: Society of Economic Geologists, 2000: 427-436. DOI: 10.5382/Rev.13.13.
[28] 王新利, 杨树生, 庞艳春, 等. 云南金顶铅锌矿床成矿物质来源及有机成矿作用[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 2009, 31(4): 376-382. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.2009.04.004.
[29] 代志杰. 金顶超大型铅锌矿床硫化物菌生结构和细菌化石及成矿学意义[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2016.
[30] Detmers J, Brüchert V, Habicht K S, et al.Diversity of sulfur isotope fractionations by sulfate-reducing prokaryotes[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001, 67(2): 888-894. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.2.888-894.2001.
[31] Peters K E, Walters C C, Moldowan J M.Biodegradation parameters[M]//The Biomarker Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004: 645-708. DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781107326040.007.
[32] Wenger L M, Davis C L, Isaksen G H.Multiple controls on petroleum biodegradation and impact on oil quality[J]. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 2002, 5(5): 375-383. DOI: 10.2118/80168-PA.
[33] 薛春纪, 陈毓川, 杨建民, 等. 金顶铅锌矿床地质-地球化学[J]. 矿床地质, 2002, 21(3): 270-277, 245. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-7106.2002.03.008.
[34] 包建平, 朱翠山, 马安来, 等. 生物降解原油中生物标志物组成的定量研究[J]. 江汉石油学院学报, 2002, 24(2): 22-26, 5. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-9752.2002.02.007.
[35] Seifert W K, Michael Moldowan J, Demaison G J.Source correlation of biodegraded oils[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 1984, 6: 633-643. DOI: 10.1016/0146-6380(84)90085-8.
[36] Xu H Y, Liu Q Y, Zhu D Y, et al.Hydrothermal catalytic conversion and metastable equilibrium of organic compounds in the Jinding Zn/Pb ore deposit[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2021, 307: 133-150. DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2021.05.049.
[37] Bost F D, Frontera-Suau R, McDonald T J, et al. Aerobic biodegradation of hopanes and norhopanes in Venezuelan crude oils[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2001, 32(1): 105-114. DOI: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00147-9.
[38] Machel H G, Krouse H R, Sassen R.Products and distinguishing criteria of bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 1995, 10(4): 373-389. DOI: 10.1016/0883-2927(95)00008-8.
[39] Cai C F, Li H X, Li K K, et al.Thermochemical sulfate reduction in sedimentary basins and beyond: A review[J]. Chemical Geology, 2022, 607: 121018. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121018.
[40] Jiang L, Cai C F, Worden R H, et al.Rare earth element and yttrium (REY) geochemistry in carbonate reservoirs during deep burial diagenesis: Implications for REY mobility during thermochemical sulfate reduction[J]. Chemical Geology, 2015, 415: 87-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.09.010.
[41] Huang S J, Huang K K, Li Z M, et al.TSR-derived authigenic calcites in Triassic dolomite, NE Sichuan basin, China—a case study of well HB-1 and well L-2[J]. Journal of Earth Science, 2012, 23(1): 88-96. DOI: 10.1007/s12583-012-0235-8.
[42] 刘建明, 刘家军. 滇黔桂金三角区微细浸染型金矿床的盆地流体成因模式[J]. 矿物学报, 1997, 17(4): 448-456. DOI: 10.16461/j.cnki.1000-4734.1997.04.012.
[43] 朱扬明, 郑霞, 刘新社, 等. 储层自生方解石碳同位素值应用于油气运移示踪[J]. 天然气工业, 2007, 27(9): 24-27, 128. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn: 1000-0976.2007.09.007.
[44] 沈立建, 刘成林, 王立成. 云南兰坪盆地云龙组上段稀土、微量元素地球化学特征及其环境意义[J]. 地质学报, 2015, 89(11): 2036-2045. DOI: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2015.11.014.
[45] 叶庆同, 胡云中, 杨岳清. 三江地区区域地球化学背景和金银铅锌成矿作用[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1992.
[46] Mclennan S M.Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes[M]//Lipin B R, McKay G A. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1989: 169-200. DOI: 10.1515/9781501509032-010.
[47] 蔡春芳. 有机硫同位素组成应用于油气来源和演化研究进展[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2018, 29(2): 159-167. DOI: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2018.01.013.
[48] Cai C F, Tang Y J, Li K K, et al.Relative reactivity of saturated hydrocarbons during thermochemical sulfate reduction[J]. Fuel, 2019, 253: 106-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.148.
[49] 罗君烈, 杨荆舟. 滇西特提斯的演化及主要金属矿床成矿作用[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1994.
[50] Kampschulte A, Strauss H.The sulfur isotopic evolution of Phanerozoic seawater based on the analysis of structurally substituted sulfate in carbonates[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 204(3/4): 255-286. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.11.013.
[51] Tang W, Wang J, Wei H Y, et al.Sulfur isotopic evidence for global marine anoxia and low seawater sulfate concentration during the Late Triassic[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2023, 251: 105659. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2023.105659.
[52] 李相材, 王京彬, 祝新友, 等. 滇西兰坪金顶铅锌矿床精细刻画矿化过程:来自硫化物原位微量元素和S-Pb同位素的证据[J]. 岩石学报, 2023, 39(8): 2511-2532. DOI: 10.18654/1000-0569/2023.08.15.
[53] 侯增谦, 潘桂棠, 王安建, 等. 青藏高原碰撞造山带: Ⅱ.晚碰撞转换成矿作用[J]. 矿床地质, 2006, 25(5): 521-543. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-7106.2006.05.001.