By the Berry-Esseen lemma and an important extension of the conditional Borel-Cantelli lemma (Asmussen, Trans Am Math Soc,1977,231:233), we obtain the law of the iterated logarithm of the branching processes in varying environment under the condition that the second moment of the number of the offspring of each individual of each generation is uniformly upper/lower bounded. Further more, the condition is weaker than that of Gao(Gao, UCAS, Thesis 2011).

Based on SDSS g,SDSS r,and SCUSS u photometry, we develop a photometric calibration for estimating the stellar metallicity from u－g and g－r colors by using the spectra of F- and G-type main-sequence stars. The rms scatter of the photometric metallicity residuals relative to spectrum-based metallicity is 0.14 dex when g－r<0.4, and 0.16 dex when g－r>0.4. Due to the deeper and more accurate magnitude of SCUSS u, we set the application of photometric metallicity estimation in the range of g<21. We select the Sagittarius (Sgr) stream stars in south Galactic cap to study metallicity distribution. We find that the Sgr stream at the cylindrical Galactocentric coordinates of R~19 kpc and |Z|~14 kpc exhibits a more metal-rich distribution than the halo.

We performed a comprehensive experiment in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region during March 2012. The aerosol direct radiative forcing was explored using the radiative transfer model SBDART based on ground-based and satellite remote sensing data. The measured aerosol optical parameters indicated that there were a large number of fine particles in the atmosphere; aerosol's effect of extinction in solar radiation was evident; aerosol scattering was large; and the forward scattering was strong. The average aerosol direct radiative forcing values were (-6.58±5.06),(-13.65±11.51),and (-11.68±7.72)W/m² on the top of atmosphere,(-30.14±13.21), (-39.11±20.5),and (-28.06±13.34)W/m² at the surface,and (23.56±9.50),(25.46±12.93),and (16.38±8.23)W/m² in the atmosphere at Beijing, Tanggu, and Tangshan,respectively. Aerosol cooling effect to the surface and top of atmosphere and aerosol heating effect to the atmosphere were strong, which could cause atmospheric temperature inversion and then suppress the pollutant dispersion. At Beijing site, aerosol radiative forcing was relatively small, but aerosol radiative forcing efficiency was the largest among the three sites, which was mainly because the single-scattering albedo of aerosols was the smallest at Beijing site.

Analysis of the influencing factors on China's coal consumption is important for making the energy-saving and emission-reduction policies. The influence factors are decomposed into economic effect, structural effect, and intensity effect by using LMDI at the micro, meso, and macro levels, respectively. The robustness of the three effects is tested. Results show that the economic growth increased the coal consumption but the energy intensity decreased the consumption. The results of multiplicative decomposition show good robustness at different regional levels.

We choose the Ili valley as the research unit. We used the pulling effect of superior resources and combined with the constrained effect of disadvantagous resource to determine the index weights. The land resources, water resources, and economy resources were included to improve the relative resource carrying capacity model. We also used the state index to measure the degree of overload and the deviation surplus. We analyzed time and space differentiation about the population and economy carrying capacities related to resources in Ili valley from 2002 to 2013.

The system of furrow irrigation which can dissolve solid fertilisers in irrigation water (FIS) is widely applied in vineyards in Ningxia Hui autonomous region. Meanwhile the system of drip irrigation and fertigation (DIS) has also been employed in some areas. These irrigation systems may affect nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the soil. Therefore, it is important to study the differences in N₂O emissions and identify farmland management methods that limit N₂O emissions. During the July-August 2012 and July-September 2013 growing seasons, this study was conducted by using the static chamber-gas chromatograph technique to observe the soil N₂O emissions from vineyards in Ningxia. The results showed that: the annual N₂O emission reductions reached (18.24±2.79) kg/(hm^-2 ·a^-1) (61.1%) in 2012 and (3.37±0.37) kg/(hm^-2 ·a^-1) (78.9%) in 2013 by changing FIS for DIS. The annual reduction amounts of N₂O emissions, estimated by using emission factor, were approximately 704 264-770 756 kg and 215 550-223 920 kg in 2012 and 2013, respectively, after changing FIS for DIS in the vineyards in Ningxia. In conclusion, DIS has greater reduction potential for N₂O emissions in Ningxia vineyards.

The export structure adjusting is an important way of controlling carbon emissions.However, the explicit reply has not been given by academics about how to adjust the export structure. This paper points out the key industries of export structure adjustment based on input-output method. The sensitivity of international transfer of China's carbon emissions was measured by industry marginal export carbon emission. The industries have been reclassified on the basis of economic impacts and environment impacts.

Based on the four years' data (2010-2013) of cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes detected by the VLF lightning locating networks in Hainan province, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of CG flash activities were analyzed in detail. The results indicated that CG flashes mostly occurred between April and October and two peaks of CG activity appeared in May (23%) and August (18%). The lightning activities showed intermittent decrease in June-July. The diurnal variation of CG flashes showed that the CG flashes more frequently occurred between 14:00 and 20:00 and there were two peaks appearing at 16:00 (about 11.3%) and 5:00(about 4.2%), respectively. By analyzing CG flash activities in different regions, we found that the diurnal variation of CG activities usually presented double peaks in the coastal regions, except the northern coastal area near Qiongzhou strait and the inland regions. The largest CG flash density occurred in the inland mountainous regions, and the flash density showed a decreasing trend from inland to coasts. In addition, there were two maximum values of the CG flash density.

The last decade has witnessed an explosion of interest in golf, and the number of golf players has increased significantly. Therefore, how to train a golfer to make a proper and accurate golf swing has attracted extensive research attentions. Among these researches the most important step is swing capture and reconstruction. Thus far, restricted to the development of present depth imaging devices, of which the most famous one is Kinect, the initial captured swing movement may not be acceptable enough due to occlusions and mixing up of body parts. To restore motion information from self-occlusion and reconstruct 3D golf swing from low resolution depth data, a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model based golf swing reconstruction algorithm is proposed to increase the capture accuracy which integrates the spatial relationship among joints and their movement dynamics. Experimental results have proved that the proposed algorithm can achieve comparable reconstruction accuracy to the commercial optical motion caption (OMocap) system and better performance than state of art modification algorithms using depth information.

The cavitation flows in micro-channels were numerically investigated using four different turbulence models, and the models are as follows: standard k-ε turbulence model, standard k-ω turbulence model, Transition SST turbulence model, and Transition k-kl-ω turbulence model. In comparison to the experimental results, the prediction abilities of these turbulence models for the cavitation flow were analyzed in details. The results show that both the flow rate and flow pattern predicted by the standard k-ε turbulence model agree well with the experimental results. Although the flow rates predicted by the Transition SST turbulence model and the Transition k-kl-ω turbulence model also agree well with the experimental results, the predicted flow patterns significantly deviate from the experimental ones. The standard k-ε turbulence model failed to predict the cavitation flow, which indicates that it is not suitable for the low Reynolds number flow circumstance.

Annular combustion chamber was designed for large-scale circulating fluidized bed(CFB) to improve the secondary air penetration and increase the enclosing heat transfer surface. In this study, the gas-solids flow in a large-scale CFB with annular combustion chamber is investigated based on CPFD simulation. The results show that the pressure distribution and solids flux predicted by the numerical simulation are in good agreement with experimental results. The gas-solids flow behavior and non-uniformity characteristics of gas and solids mass fluxes at combustion chamber outlets are analyzed. The results can be used as valuable information for the optimum design of annular combustion chamber.

Glycerol spray is widely encountered in daily life and industries. With the assistance of compressed air, the glycerol spray achieves good atomization performance which enhances the utilization efficiency of glycerol. We carried out an experimental study on the characteristics of glycerol/compressed air spray using a concentric two-fluid nozzle. The steady spray pattern was captured by the high-speed camera, and the droplet diameters and velocities were measured by phase Doppler particle analyzer. The experiment results showed that good atomization effects were achieved after the intensive mixing of glycerol droplets and compressed air and the secondary spray under the experiment condition. The spatial distributions of droplet diameters and velocities and their change relations with spray pressure were obtained in the experiments.

Ion has an important effect on the water vapor nucleation. In this study, molecular dynamics method was employed to investigate the homogenous and ion-induced nucleation processes of supersaturated steam. Effects of charge magnitude on the nucleation process were analyzed based on the results of the molecular dynamics simulation. It has been observed that the process in each case consists of three stages: induction stage, stable nucleation stage, and coagulation stage. The presence of ions leads to shorter induction stage, increase of nucleation rate, and decrease of critical nucleus size, which means that the nucleation process is easier to occur. Moreover, positive divalent ions have greater influence on water vapor nucleation than positive monovalent ions. Finally, the phenomenon is explained using the cluster's micro structure.

The perovskite catalysts La_1-xSr_xMnO₃ (x=0.2, 0.4) powders and supported catalysts via sol-gel method were successfully synthesized. The images of SEM show that La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ had a continuous and complete porous structure. The catalytic activity of supported La_1-xSr_xMnO₃ catalyst was tested in fixed bed reactor. The NO conversion ratio of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ was above 90% when the duration was longer than 2.2 s, the O₂ concentration was less than 6%, and the temperature was around 900-1 000 ℃, and La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ acted similarly. At 600 ℃ the NO conversion ratio of La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ was up to 40%, while the ratio of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ was only 20%. Besides, the activation energies for these two catalysts were calculated, and the activation energy for La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ was lower than that for La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃.

The motion of particle group has been a hot and difficult problem in the field of multiphase flow, and lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is a natural parallel mesoscopic method which is apt to handle complex boundaries. In this work, LB-EBF method is used for simulation of three-dimensional particle group settlement, and we give detailed analyses of the settlement laws of 1 152 particles in three aspects: velocity analysis and statistics analysis of three-dimensional multi-particle sedimentation, position analysis and statistics analysis of three-dimensional multi-particle sedimentation, and analysis of the interaction between particle group and flow field in the sedimentation.

With the application of supercavitation effect, a novel device named rotational supercavitating evaporator (RSCE) has been designed for seawater desalination. In order to study the effect of steam extraction on hydrodynamic characteristics of RSCE and then determine the steam extraction rate, numerical simulations are carried out on the supercavitating flows in RSCE at a constant rotational speed and at different steam extraction rates. The results show that steam extraction rate linearly increases with the decrease of extraction pressure and that the area and volume of the supercavity could be significantly affected by steam extration, as compared with the case without steam extration.However, both of them vary slightly with the increase of steam extraction rate in the process of steam extraction.

The primary nozzle exit position (NXP) is one of the important geometrical factors affecting the ejector performance. In the present study, the ejector performance was investigated experimentally for getting the changing rules of the ejector performance with different NXPs and working conditions. The results show that the NXP has little influence on the critical pressure, but has obvious influence on entrainment ratio. The entrainment ratio first increases and then decreases with NXP. Both the two-phase and single-phase ejectors have their respective optimum NXPs. The optimum NXP increases with the water mass flowrate of the low-pressure fluent. The optimum NXP is 2.8 mm in single-phase operation while it becomes 3.6 mm when the water mass flowrate of the low-pressure fluent is 0.07 kg/min.

Three dimensional computational simulation based on Euler multiphase flow model was carried out for the gas-solid flow in dual circulating fluidized bed. The results suggested that the solid distributions along x-axis direction in both air reactor (AR) and fuel reactor (FR) showed obvious asymmetry due to the influences of connecting structures. The solid concentration in the near-wall region in x-axis positive direction in FR decreased rapidly with FR fluidization rate and the trend became stable after FR fluidization flow rate reached 12.5 m³/h. Meanwhile, the solid concentration in the near-wall region in x-axis negative direction increased first and then decreased. The solid concentration in the near-wall regions in both z-axis positive and negative directions in FR decreased with FR fluidization flow rate.

Experimental study of air purification technology by charged droplets has been carried out. The purification process could be divided into direct process and indirect process based on purification mechanisms. A mass conservation equation was proposed to establish the relationship between the purification effect of direct process and the processing time. The data showed the purification effect under the action of combined (direct and indirect) processes, and natural sedimentation was obtained by experimental measurements. The results showed the ratios for these purification mechanisms. As a result, the purification effect of direct process would increase with the relative humidity. Meanwhile, the effect of natural sedimentation has always a small proportion.

The flow patterns of cavitating gas-liquid two-phase flow in water exit have been studied experimentally. The complicated processes of cavity's collapse, its re-generation, and cavity's interaction with the free surface, etc. have been observed. For a collapsing cavity, its transparent tail becomes opaque, which may be related to the formation of re-entrant jet. However, in general, the cavity collapses entirely. By using the FLUENT software and VOF method, the flow field is simulated numerically and the results are in agreement with experiment.

The transportation of gas-solid particle powder in pipeline widely exists in the manufacturing processes of chemical engineering, food processing, electric power, metallurgy, pharmacy, and other industries. With the help of on-line measurement of key parameters of powder speed, concentration, particle size, etc., the optimized control process can be implemented to improve production efficiency and product quality and reduce energy consumption. Based on the scattering model in ultrasonic propagation theory, numerical simulation has been carried out and a fitting of data shows that the ultrasonic attenuation and velocity present linear functions of the volume fraction at each frequency. An integrated ultrasonic probe with frequency of 30 kHz was designed, and then an experiment was conducted to measure the concentration of pneumatically conveyed cement raw meal powder in a bend pipeline at a cement plant in Hangzhou. The powder concentration distribution in the pipe along the direction of pipe diameter was obtained by using the methods of ultrasonic attenuation and ultrasound velocity, respectively.

To examine the bubble attachment behavior in flotation process of plastics, the high-speed photographic method, combined with a simple attachment time model, was employed in the experiments carried out in a laboratory-scale flotation column. Effects of the plastic material and the type and concentration of surfactant were analyzed in detail. Results show that the maximum rebound distance and attachment time decrease with surfactant concentration. The type of surfactant and plastic material influence bubble attachment behavior, and the reductions of the bubble size and the solution tension and contact angle are the deep incentives.