地球深部的水

doi:10.7523/j.issn.2095-6134.2009.6.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地球内部水的分布与循环对了解地球内部的物理化学性质、地球动力学和地球的演化起着重要的作用.本文综述了地球内部水含量的探索方法、存在状态、地球各个层圈水的储存能力、高温高压下矿物中的溶解度以及地球物理观测(大地电磁和地震波)结果等方面的研究进展.研究结果表明,地球内部储存的水可能超过了地球表面大洋水的数倍.微量的水能够引起地震波速度的降低和电导率的显著增加.

关键词: 名义无水矿物, 含水矿物, 水, 溶解度, 电导率, 地震波

Abstract:

Distributions and circulars of water play an important role in understanding the physical and chemical properties of earth interior, geodynamical process, and evolution of earth. This paper reviews the various aspects of water in the earths interior,including the exploring method, state, storage capacity, content in the different spheres of earth, solubility in minerals at high temperature and pressure,and some results from geophysical observations. The amount of water content in the earth's interior may be several times larger than that at the earths surface. Trace water can significantly affect the electrical conductivity and velocity of seismic wave.

Key words: nominally anhydrous minerals (NMS), hydrous phase, water, solubility, electrical conductivity, velocity of seismic wave

中图分类号:

P313

王多君, 易丽. 地球深部的水[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2009, 26(6): 721-730.

WANG Duo-Jun, YI Li. Water in the Earth's interior[J]. , 2009, 26(6): 721-730.

参考文献

[1] Williams Q, Hemley R J. Hydrogen in the deep earth
[J]. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci, 2001,29:365-418.

[2] Bell D R, Rossman G. Water in Earths mantle: the role of nominally anhydrous minerals
[J]. Science, 1992, 255:1391-1397.

[3] Bolfan-Casanova N. Water in the Earths mantle
[J]. Mineral Mag, 2005, 69: 229-257.

[4] Hirschmann M M, Aubaud C, Withers A C. Storage capacity of H₂O in nominally anhydrous minerals in the upper mantle
[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2005,236:167-181.

[5] Evans R L, Hirth G, Baba K, et al. Geophysical evidence from the MELT area for compositional control on oceanic plates
[J]. Nature, 2005, 437, 249-252.

[6] Hauri E H, Gaetai G A, Green T H. Partitioning of water during melting of the Earths upper mantle at H₂O-undersatureated conditions
[J]. Earth Plane Sci Lett, 2006,248:715-734.

[7] Hier-Majumder S, Anderson I M, Kohlstedt D L. Influence of protons on Fe-Mg inter-diffusion in olivine
[J]. J Geophys Res, 2005,110, doi:10.1029/2004JB003292.

[8] Karato S, Jung H. Effects of pressure on high-temperature dislocation creep in olivine polycrystals
[J]. Phil Mag A, 2003, 83: 401-414.

[9] Karato S, Paterson M S, Fitz Gerald J D. Rheology of synthetic olivine aggregates: influence of grain-size and water
[J]. J Geophys Res, 1986, 91: 8151-8176.

[10] Karato S. The role of hydrogen in the electrical conductivity of the upper mantle
[J]. Nature, 1990,347: 272-273.

[11] Kushiro I, Syono Y, Akimoto S. Melting of a peridotite nodule at high pressures and high water pressures
[J]. J Geophys Res, 1968, 73: 6023-6029.

[12] Mei S, Kohlstedt D L. Influence of water on plastic deformation of olivine aggregates, 1. Diffusion creep regime
[J]. J Geophys Res, 2000,105: 21457-21469.

[13] Baba K, Chave A D, Evans R L,et al. Mantle dynamics beneath the East Pacific Rise at 17uS: Insights from the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography (MELT) experiments
[J]. J Geophys Res, 2006,111, doi:10.1029/2004JB003598.

[14] Braummiller J, Lee S, Doermann L. Mantel transition zone thickness in the central south-American subduction zone
[J]. Geophysical Monograph Series,2006: 215-224.

[15] Fukao Y T, Koyama T, Obayashi, et al.Trans-pacific temperature field in the mantle transition region derived from seismic and electromagnetic tomography
[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2004, 217: 425-434.

[16] Gatzemeier A, Moorkamp M. 3D modelling of electrical anisotropy from electromagnetic array data: hypothesis testing for different upper mantle conduction mechanisms
[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 2005, 149: 225-242.

[17] Shito A, Karato S, Kyoko N, et al. Towards mapping the three-dimensional distribution of water in the upper mantel from velocity and attenuation tomography
[J]. Geophysical Monograph Series, 2006:225-236.

[18] Bolfan-Casanova N, Mackwell S, Keppler H, et al. Pressure dependence of H solubility in magnesiowustite up to 25 GPa: Implications for the storage of water in the Earths lower mantle
[J]. Geophys Res Lett,2002, 29:1029-1032.

[19] Bromiley G D, Keppler H. An experimental investigation of hydroxyl solubility in jadeite and Na-rich clinopyroxenes
[J]. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 2004, 147:189-200.

[20] Bromiley G D, Keppler H, McCammon C, et al. Hydrogen solubility and speciation in natural, gem-quality chromian diopside
[J]. Am Mineral, 2004, 89:941-949.

[21] Kohlstedt D L, Keppler H, Rubie D C. Solubility of water in the α、β and γ phases of (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄
[J]. Contrib Mineral Petrol,1996,123:345-357.

[22] Litasove K, Ohtani E, Langenhorst F, et al.Water solubility in Mg-perovskites and water storage capacity in the lower mantle
[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2003, 211:189-203.

[23] Lu R, Keppler H. Water solubility in pyrope to 100 kbar
[J]. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 1997,129:35-42.

[24] Aubaud C, Hauri E H, Hirschmann M M. Hydrogen partition coefficients between nominally anhydrous minerals and basaltic melts
[J]. Geophy Res Lett,2004,31,L20611, doi:10.1029/2004GL021341.

[25] Bromiley G D, Pawley A R. The stability of antigorite in the systems MgO-SiO₂-H₂O (MSH) and MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O (MASH): The effects of Al³⁺ substitution on high-pressure stability
[J]. Am Mineral, 2003, 88:99-108.

[26] Kanzaki M. Stability of hydrous magnesium silicates in the mantle transition zone
[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,1991, 66:307-312.

[27] Karato S.Remote sensing of hydrogen in Earth mantle reviews in mineralogy & geochemistry //Keppler H. Smyth (eds). Water in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals, Washington DC:G&MSA,2006, 62:343-375.

[28] Bell D R, Ihinger P D, Rossman G R. Quantitative analysis of trace OH in garnet and pyroxenes
[J]. Am Mineral,1995, 80:465-474.

[29] Bolfan-Casanova N, Keppler H, Rubie D C. Hydroxyl in MgSiO₃ akimotoite: A polarized and high pressure IR study
[J]. Am Mineral,2002, 87:603-608.

[30] Johnson E A.Water in nominally anhydrous crustal minerals:speciation, concentration, and geologic significance //Keppler H, Smyth (eds). Water in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals. Washington DC:G&MSA,2006, 62:117-154.

[31] Ringwood A E. Composition and petrology of the Earths Mantle
[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill,1975.

[32] Anderson D L, Bass J D. Mineralogy and composition of the upper mantle . Geophys Res Lett, 1984,11:637-640.

[33] Bai Q, Kohlstedt D L. Substantial hydrogen solubility in olivine and implications for water storage in the mantle
[J]. Nature,1992,357:672-674.

[34] Bai Q, Kohlstedt D L. Effects of chemical environment on the solubility and incorporation mechanism for hydrogen in olivine
[J]. Phys Chem Minerals,1993, 19:460-471.

[35] Miller G H, Rossman G R, Harlow G E. The natural occurrence of hydroxide in olivine
[J]. Phys Chem Minerals,1987, 14:461-472.

[36] Bell D R, Rossman G R, Maldener J, et al. Hydroxide in olivine: A quantitative determination of the absolute amount and calibration of the IR spectrum
[J]. J Geophys Res, 2003, 108(B2):2105-2113.

[37] Bell D R, Rossman G R, Moore R O. Abundance and partitioning of OH in a high-pressure magmatic system: Megacrysts from the Monastery kimberlite, South Africa . J Petrol, 2004, 45:1539-1564.

[38] Matsyuk S S, Langer K. Hydroxyl in olivines from mantle xenoliths in kimberlites of the Siberian platform
[J]. Contr Mineral Petrol, 2004, 147:413-437.

[39] Koch-Müller M, Matsyuk S S, Rhede D, et al.Hydroxyl in mantle olivine xenocrysts from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe
[J]. Phys Chem Minerals, 2006, 33:276-287.

[40] Peslier A H, Luhr J F, Post J. Low water contents in pyroxenes from spinel-peridotites of the oxidized,sub-arc mantle wedge
[J]. Earth Plan Sc Lett, 2002, 201:69-86.

[41] Skogby H, Bell D R, Rossman G R. Hydroxide in pyroxene: Variations in the natural environment
[J]. Am Mineral, 1990, 75:764-774.

[42] Katayama I, Nakashima S. Hydroxyl incorporation from deep subducted crust: Evidence for H₂O transport into the mantle
[J]. Am Mineral, 2003, 88:229-234.

[43] Katayama I, Nakashima S, Yurimoto H.Water content in natural eclogite and implication for water transport into the deep upper mantle
[J]. Lithos, 2005, 86:245-259.

[44] Snyder G A, Taylor L A, Jerde E A, et al. Archean mantle heterogeneity and the origin of diamondiferous eclogites, Siberia: Evidence from stable isotopes and hydroxyl in garnet
[J]. Am Mineral, 1995, 80:799-809.

[45] Mosenfelder J L, Deligne N I, Asimow P D, et al. Hydrogen incorporation in olivine from 2~12GPa
[J]. Am Mineral, 2005, 91:285-294.

[46] Mierdel K, Keppler H. The temperature dependence of water solubility in enstatite
[J]. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 2004, 148:305-311.

[47] Inoue T, Yurimoto H, Kudoh Y. Hydrous modified spinel Mg_1.75SiH_0.5O₄——A new water reservoir in the mantle transition region
[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 1995, 22:117-120.

[48] Yamada A, Inoue T, Irifune T. Melting of enstatite from 13 to 18 GPa under hydrous conditions
[J]. Phys Earth Planet Int, 2004, 147:45-56.

[49] Stalder R, Skogby. Hydrogen incorporation in enstatite
[J]. Eur J Mineral,2002, 14:1139-1144.

[50] Rauch M, Keppler H. Water solubility in orthopyroxene
[J]. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 2002, 143:525-536.

[51] Meade C, Reffner J A, Ito E. Synchrotron infrared absorbance measurements of hydrogen in MgSiO₃ perovskite
[J]. Science, 1994,264:1558-1560.

[52] Murakami M,Hirose K,Yurimoto H, et al. Water in the Earths lower mantle
[J]. Science, 2002, 295: 1885-1887.

[53] Keppler H,Bolfan-Casanova N.Thermodynamics of water solubility and partitioning //Keppler H, Smyth (eds). Water in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals. Washington DC:G&MSA,2006, 62:193-230.

[54] Suetsugu D,Inoue T,Yamada A, et al.Towards mapping the three-dimensional distribution of water in the transition zone from p-velocity tomography and 660 km discontinuity depths //Jacobsen S D, Van der Lee S (eds). Earth Deep Water Cycle. Washington DC: AGU, Geophysical Monograph Series, 2006,168:237-249.

[55] Kayama T, Hisayoshi Shi Utada H, et al.Water content in the mantle transition zone beneath the north pacific derived from the electrical conductivity anomaly //Jacobsen S D, Van der Lee S (eds). Earth Deep Water Cycle. Washington DC: AGU, Geophysical Monograph Series,2006,168:171-179.

[56] Courtier A, Revenauh J. A water-rich transition zone beneath the Eastern united states and gulf o mexico from multiple ScS reverberations //Jacobsen S D, Van der Lee S (eds). Earth Deep Water Cycle. Washington DC: AGU, Geophysical Monograph Series,2006,168:181-193.

[57] Lawrence J,Wysession M. Seismic evidence for subduction-transported water in the lower mantle //Jacobsen S D, Van der Lee S (eds). Earth Deep Water Cycle. Washington DC: AGU, Geophysical Monograph Series, 2006,168:251-261.

[58] Lizaralde D, Chave A, Hirth G,et al. Northeastern Pacific mantle conductivity profile from long-period magnetotelluric sounding using Hawaii-to California submarine cable data
[J]. J Geophys Res,1995,100: 17837-17854.

[59] Ichiki M, Uyeshima M, Utada H, et al. Upper mantle conductivity structure of the back-arc region beneath northeastern China
[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2001, 28: 3773-3776.

[60] Tarits P, Hautot S, Perrier F. Water in the mantle: Results from electrical conductivity beneath the French Alps
[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2004, 31, doi: 10.1029/2003GL019277.

[61] Hirth G, Evans R L, Chave A D. Comparison of continental and oceanic mantle electrical conductivity: Is Archean lithosphere dry
[J]? Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 2000, 1, doi: 10.1029/2000GC000048.

[62] Utada H, Koyama T, Shimizu H, et al.A semi-global reference model of electrical conductivity in the mid-mantle beneath the north Pacific region . Geophys Res Lett, 2003,30,doi:10.1029/2002GL016092.

[63] Olsen, N. Long-period (30 days-1 year) electromagnetic sounding and the electrical conductivity of the lower mantle beneath Europe
[J]. Geophys J Int, 1999, 138:179-187.

[64] Simpson F. Intensity and direction of lattice-preferred orientation of olivine: are electrical and seismic anisotropies of the Australian mantle reconcilable
[J]? Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2002, 203: 535-547.

[65] Huang X, Xu Y, Karato S. Water content in the transition zone from electrical conductivity of wadsleyite and ringwoodite
[J]. Nature, 2005, 434:746-749.

[66] Wang D, Mookherjee M, Xu Y, et al. The effect of water on electrical conductivity of olivine
[J]. Nature, 2006, 443:977-980.

[67] Wang D, Li H, Yi L, et al. The electrical conductivity of upper-mantle rocks:water content in the upper mantle
[J]. Phys Chem Minerals,2008, 35: 157-162.

[68] Jacobsen S,Smyth J.Effect of water on the sound velocities of ringwoodite in the transiton zone //Jacobsen S D, Van der Lee S (eds). Earth deep Water Cycle. Washington, DC: AGU, Geophysical Monograph Series,2006: 131-145.

[69] Meijde M, Marone F, Giardini, et al. Seismic evidence for water deep in Earths upper mantle
[J]. Science, 2003,300:1556-1558.