Experiment simulation of the changes in wheat quality and color in the process of carbonization

doi:10.7523/j.issn.2095-6134.2019.03.016

Abstract

Abstract: The remains of wheat are important paleoethnobotany materials for studying the early types of human food. Most of the remains of unearthed wheat have been carbonized, but the conditions for carbonization are not clear. The indoor carbonization experiments were conducted under different temperature conditions by baking modern wheat to study the changes in wheat mass, surface color, and powder color with time, in order to reveal the carbonization conditions for the wheat remains. The mass and color changes of wheat under 200℃ were relatively small, and the mass and color of wheat varied greatly at 250℃ and above.At temperatures below 200℃, the main changes in the mass of wheat were caused by the loss of water. At temperatures above 250℃, there were significant losses of organic and inorganic substances besides the loss of water. Under different temperature conditions, the changes in L^* values (light or white) of wheat surface color and powder color were nearly synchronous, and the changes in a^* values (red-green) and b^* values (yellow-blue) were asynchronous. The change tendencies for the a^* value and b^* value were similar. Although the values of the colors of the surface and the powder were different at the beginning of the experiment, the values of wheat surface color and powder color were almost the same when wheat was completely carbonized. Experimental simulation results show the mass losses and color changes in wheat carbonization at different temperatures and provide valuable information for understanding the formation of carbonized wheat.

Key words: paleoethnobotany, wheat, carbonization, mass, color

CLC Number:

K878

SU Xin, LI Yumei, GU Yongjian. Experiment simulation of the changes in wheat quality and color in the process of carbonization[J]. , 2019, 36(3): 417-424.

References

[1] 赵志军. 有关农业起源和文明起源的植物考古学研究[J]. 社会科学管理与评论, 2005(2):82-91.
[2] 科林·伦福儒,保罗·巴恩. 考古学:理论、方法与实践[M]. 中国社会科学院考古研究所, 译. 北京:文物出版社, 2004:25-30.
[3] 李小强, 周新郢, 张宏宾,等. 考古生物指标记录的中国西北地区5000 a BP水稻遗存[J]. 科学通报, 2007, 52(6):673-678.
[4] Yang Q, Li X Q, Zhou X Y, et al. Investigation of the ultrastructural characteristics of foxtail and broomcorn millet during carbonization and its application in archaeobotany[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011, 56(14):1495-1502.
[5] 孔昭宸, 刘长江, 张居中,等. 中国考古遗址植物遗存与原始农业[J]. 中原文物, 2003(2):4-9.
[6] 刘长江, 靳桂云, 孔昭宸. 植物考古:种子和果实研究[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2008:30-39.
[7] 靳桂云. 中国早期小麦的考古发现与研究[J]. 农业考古, 2007(4):11-20.
[8] 李水城, 莫多闻. 东灰山遗址炭化小麦年代考[J]. 考古与文物, 2004(6):51-60.
[9] 黄石林. 陕西龙山文化遗址出土小麦(秆)[J]. 农业考古, 1991(1):126-128.
[10] 赵志军, 徐良高. 周原遗址(王家嘴地点)尝试性浮选的结果及初步分析[J]. 文物, 2004(10):89-96.
[11] 赵志军. 两城镇与教场铺龙山时代农业生产特点的对比分析[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2004:1-25.
[12] 王春燕. 山东胶州赵家庄遗址龙山文化稻作农业研究[D]. 济南:山东大学, 2007.
[13] 凯利·克劳福德, 赵志军, 栾丰实,等. 山东日照市两城镇遗址龙山文化植物遗存的初步分析[J]. 考古, 2004(9):73-80.
[14] 赵志军, 方燕明. 登封王城岗遗址浮选结果及分析[J]. 华夏考古, 2007(2):78-89.
[15] 洛阳市文物工作队. 洛阳皂角树:1992-1993年洛阳皂角树二里头文化聚落遗址发掘报告[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2002:1-10.
[16] 中国社会科学院考古研究所. 中国考古学,夏商卷[M]. 北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2003:2-11.
[17] 傅大雄. 西藏昌果沟遗址新石器时代农作物遗存的发现、鉴定与研究[J]. 考古, 2001(3):66-74.
[18] 陈文华. 漫谈出土文物中的古代农作物[J]. 农业考古, 1990(2):137-147.
[19] 赵志军, 王巍, 许新国,等. 青海互助丰台卡约文化遗址浮选结果分析报告[J]. 考古与文物, 2004(2):85-91.
[20] Helbaek H. Preseved apples and Panicum in the prehistoric site at Norre Sandegaard in Bornholm.[J]. Acta Archaeologica, 1952(23):107-115.
[21] Kollmann F F P, Sachs I B. The effects of elevated temperature on certain wood cells[J]. Wood Science & Technology, 1967, 1(1):14-25.
[22] King F. Prehistoric maize in Eastern North Americ:an evolutionary evaluation[D]. Urbana-Champaign:University of Illinois, 1987.
[23] Goette S, Williams M, Johannessen S, et al. Toward reconstructing ancient maize:Experiments in processing and charring[J]. Journal of Ethnobiology 1994, 14(1):1-21.
[24] Boardman S, Jones G. Experiments on the effects of charring on cereal plant components[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1990, 17(1):1-11.
[25] Märkle T, Rösch M. Experiments on the effects of carbonization on some cultivated plant seeds[J]. Vegetation History & Archaeobotany, 2008, 17(1):257-263.
[26] Braadbaart F. Carbonization of peas and wheat:a window into the past[D]. Netherlands:Leiden University, 2004.
[27] 王祁, 宫玮, 蒋志龙,等. 普通小麦炭化实验及其在植物考古学中的应用[J]. 东方考古, 2014(11):433-443.
[28] 杨利荣, 岳乐平. 浑善达克沙地末次冰期晚期到全新世的环境转型[J]. 地球环境学报, 2011, 2(1):301-306.
[29] Nagao S, Nakashima S. The factors controlling vertical color variations of North Atlantic Madeira Abyssal Plain sediments[J]. Marine Geology, 1992, 109(1/2):83-94.
[30] Yang H, Yan R, Chen H, et al. Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(12/13):1781-1788.
[31] 王东艳, 朱军. 小麦种子的贮藏技术[J]. 现代农业科技, 2006(4):20.
[32] Tang M M, Bacon R. Carbonization of cellulose fibersI. Low temperature pyrolysis[J]. Carbon, 1964, 2(3):211-220.
[33] Pastorova I, Botto R E, Arisz P W, Boon J J. Cellulose char structure:a combined analytical Py-GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR study[J].Carbohydr Res, 1994, 262(1):27-47.